How many acres are in 1 hectare?
Hectare (from the Greek ἑκατόν “one hundred” + ar; Russian designation: ha; international: ha) is a non-system unit of area measurement, equal to the area of a square with a side of 100 m: 1 ha = 1 gm² = 10,000 m² = 100 dam² = 100 a = 100 acres = 0.01 km².
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Soil preparation
So, it all started with a field where reclamation work was carried out in 2013–2015, and then sowing and planting of plants that enriched the soil with organic matter and nutrition. In professional language, they are called green manure, noting that such herbs are an excellent replacement for manure.
View of the field
Next, we began pre-sowing preparations in the early spring of 2016. Harrowing took place in two tracks (that is, each pass of the machine - the AT2.7R disk drive - was carried out at a different angle in order to level the field topography). Harrowing should be planned as the soil ripens, approximately in the third decade of April, in order to preserve moisture reserves in the ground and destroy the seedlings of weeds and shrubs. After this work, the surface is leveled using a long-base leveler. We used a couple of heavy tooth harrows as a planner. Finally, in the second ten days of May, the soil was fertilized with nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer 15:15:1:15. The NO 14/6 spreader helped to cope with the task.
Primary seeding
Perennial grasses cannot be sown immediately in a prepared area: it will be difficult for them to germinate and gain strength due to weeds. Therefore, a cover crop is first sown to protect the seeds from the negative influence of the environment.
We sowed treated seeds - a mixture of annuals at the following rate: vetch - 0.70 c/ha + oats - 1.05 c/ha. We used a pneumatic seeder SPU-4D. The cover crop kept the weeds from growing wildly and also provided good fresh feed for the sheep. The excess grass went into compost.
Sowing perennials
Growth period of perennial grass under cover crop
On May 1–3, it's time to sow future perennial grasses. We selected zoned seeds of higher reproduction from the following calculation: meadow clover (Smolensky 29) 8 kg/ha + alfalfa (Nakhodka) 10 kg/ha + meadow timothy grass (Leningradskaya 204 and Pskovskaya local 50 to 50) 4 kg/ha + meadow fescue (Shokinskaya ) 8 kg/ha. Using a pneumatic seeder, the same one used to sow annuals, the seeds were sown at an angle of 90 degrees relative to the rows of cover grasses. That is, annuals were sown across, and perennials were sown along.
Cover crop harvesting
How can a farmer make money from grass?
I once wrote a lot of business ideas and later got into farming equipment.
Now I am haunted by questions about organizing a business in agriculture from farmers. Everything seems simple, but farmers do not have large spaces for arable land, which provide a large volume of goods for sale and large revenues, but there is little land and almost no equipment - there is nothing to buy with. This is where many inventors of farm business ideas lose ground. Let's start with the fact that we have 100 hectares of land. This is a very small farm, let’s try to figure out how to organize a good farming business.
It is better to sow goat's rue (galega) on 100 hectares of land. In the middle zone you can get 12 tons of hay per hectare. Why am I writing about goat’s rue? It is a leguminous plant; during the budding period the plant contains up to 26% protein. But the most important thing is that this plant grows in one place for up to 50 years, just fertilize it, and this is very economical. As you already understand, 1200 tons of hay or green granules are removed from 100 hectares if you install a TMV line. Vitamin-grass flour is more profitable than hay; vitamins, crude protein, and other vital substances are better preserved if the flour is produced on a VTM line with an Agro-stimul aerodynamic dryer. But let’s produce flour without a granulator, and for the first time we’ll just get goat flour as a raw material for animal feed.
To produce high-quality feed, we need an extruder to produce 500 kg of grain extrudate per hour. You can get the extruder there, at Agro-stimulus. You can buy grain; it is best to do this immediately after harvesting. We need 500 tons of grain. For processing in an extruder, you can buy rye or spoiled grain; there is a lot of it in the fall and it is cheap. In the extruder, the temperature reaches 170 degrees, and the pressure reaches 60 atmospheres - any grain will be disinfected.
We will mix the extrudate with green grass meal in the SSh-2 mixer and get a granule in the same line. In this setting, the process is more economical; we operate the granulator once. The result of our enterprise is 1,700 tons of feed for bulls, sheep, goats, and rabbits.
Whom you will raise is up to you to figure out, you have a lot of cheap feed. If you raise bulls, then this feed will be enough to raise 200 tons of meat or 400 bulls up to a weight of 500 kg. To do this you will need 12 months of time. At first glance, everything seems to be fine, but you need to take into account that for bull calves you need a replacement herd, at least 800 heads and time to bear calves.
We take the numbers again and count, because in Russian: measure seven times, cut once. 1,700 tons of feed can be sold for 10 thousand rubles per ton. Then it turns out like this - we sell meat for 15.5 million rubles, and feed for 17 million rubles. It’s profitable not to bother with bulls, but to simply produce compound feed and sell it externally.
What kind of forage grass should I sow?
A popular proverb says that “milk is on the cow’s tongue.”
The main and most important element of nutrition for cows and goats is fodder grass from natural and artificial pastures. What grass for pastures and grass for hay should I buy and sow so that the milk yield is happy and the animals are healthy?
Natural lands do not raise any special questions - what is there, they graze and mow for future use.
But what to do if forage crops on natural lands are not enough to feed the existing livestock or are of poor quality?
The most obvious way out of this situation is to organize artificial pastures and hayfields to grow additional grass for goats and grass for cows, or to reclaim low-quality natural land.
There are cultural lands
- Short-term (designed for 5-6 years of operation);
- Long-term (also called long-term, designed for 7-10 years or more).
Sown pastures for cattle can be legumes, cereals and mixed (cereals and legumes).
“For each climatic zone, forage crops, that is, grass for pastures and grass for hay, are selected according to many indicators, including climate, soil characteristics, moisture, acidity and others.” The selection of the composition of forage crops and the timing of their sowing should be left to specialized specialists, without relying on “peasant instinct.”
Grass for hay and grass for pastures also differ in their lifespan.
Annual forage crops are characterized by equal proportions of highland cereals and highland legumes. With long-term use of artificial lands, there should be about 70% of high-mountain grasses, and about 30% of high-mountain legumes.
At what distance should I sow alfalfa?
Alfalfa seeds are sown in rows using seed drills that are attached to tractors. The seeding depth is about 0.6 cm. The distance between rows is usually 20 cm or less.
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Harvest accounting
When using varieties for haymaking, the yield of perennial grasses is taken into account at the onset of the beginning of flowering phase for legumes and the full heading phase for cereals; for pasture use - upon the onset of pasture ripeness, when the height of the grass reaches 15-20 cm.
To obtain high-protein feeds when used in multiple cuts, legumes are mowed in the budding phase, and cereals - in the inflorescence sweeping phase.
Calendar accounting is not always carried out simultaneously, only when the phase begins by variety.
When testing varieties using animal grazing, each repetition of the experiment across all plots is divided into equal parts according to the number of grazing cycles expected per season, for example, 5. Before grazing livestock on the plot for the first grazing, the supply of green mass is taken into account for 1/5 of each plot in each repetition.
The remaining 4/5 of all plots are grazed without taking into account the harvest.
At the end of the first grazing and removal of livestock from the plot, mowing and plot counting of uneaten residues from the remaining 4/5 of the plots are carried out, also with the taking of a test sheaf.
Based on the difference between the reserves of green mass and the residues during the next grazing (translated per hectare), the yield of the consumed pasture mass and its composition are estimated.
When counting individual plants in selection nurseries with individual placement of plants, all green and dry mass is weighed, the structure of each plant is analyzed and the yield is calculated.
