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The beautiful name of the dragonfly larva is a real mystery for many. Outwardly, it is so different from the brightly colored adult that it appears to be a different species of insect. The habitat, and therefore the way of life, is also completely different. Finding out where and how this miracle of nature lives, in order to take a look at its appearance on occasion, is very interesting and informative.
Externally, the dragonfly larva is so different from the brightly colored adult that it appears to be a different species of insect.
general information
Kazara
Dragonfly larvae (kazara)
painted in brown-olive tones. Dragonfly eggs are laid in water or in the tissue of aquatic plants. The eggs hatch into larvae of an extremely characteristic shape, interesting in their biological characteristics. These larvae play an important role among other living material of freshwater excursions.
Dragonfly larvae are found everywhere in standing and slowly flowing water. Most often they are found on aquatic plants or on the bottom, where they sit motionless, sometimes moving slowly. There are species that burrow into mud. All larvae can be divided into three groups:
- Larvae of the rocker dragonfly type (Aeschna
) with an elongated body and a flat mask. This includes the largest species that are similar to each other. In the northern regions there are representatives of the genera: Gomphus - grandfather, Onychogomphus, Gordulegaster, etc. - Larvae of the common or true dragonfly (Libellula) type
with a shorter and wider body than the previous ones. The mask is helmet-shaped. They stay mainly at the bottom, often in a layer of silt. The following genera are typical for the northern regions: Libellula - true dragonfly, Cordulla - grandma, Leucorrhinia, Epitheca (Fig. 206), Sympetrum, etc. - Larvae of the lute type (Agrion)
with a very long elongated body, which has leaf-shaped gill plates at the rear end. We have representatives of the genera: Agrion - arrows, Lestes - lyutki, Erythromma (Fig. 207), Calopteryx - beauties, etc.
General characteristics of dragonflies
General characteristics help to understand what each unit is.
Dragonflies are the largest flying insects on Earth. They are predators. The order of dragonflies includes suborders: heteroptera and homoptera.
Like the dragonfly, the louse's characteristics are quite simple.
These insects are blood-sucking parasites. They belong to the order of lice eaters. The general characteristics of lice do not form any suborders. By parasitizing on humans, they cause lice, or lice are scientifically the causative agents of pediculosis. Beetles are the most numerous inhabitants in the world. There are about 300 thousand species of them. All of them form the order Coleoptera. Bedbugs are numerous representatives of the order Hemiptera.
Description
When we are near bodies of water in the summer, we are all accustomed to seeing colorful dragonflies scurrying back and forth. This shy insect, which is almost impossible to catch with your hands, is often prey for fish that hunt in the surface layer of water. A dragonfly's habit of landing on twigs or lily pads that have fallen into the water, or simply a desire to fly too close to the surface, can be fatal. Bleak, chub, trout - all these fish are not averse to eating dragonflies. But few people know that much more often the victim of hungry fish is not the dragonfly itself, but its larva.
The larvae of each dragonfly species have their own unique shape. Frankly speaking, their appearance is not particularly pleasing to our eyes with beauty. Some of the dragonflies have creepy-looking nymphs - this is the scientific name for the larval stage of insect development. Traditionally, dragonfly larvae live and develop in reservoirs or parts of reservoirs with standing water, often silted, overgrown with aquatic vegetation, or swampy. Moreover, they easily survive both in completely fresh water bodies and in brackish ones. Depending on the species, nymphs can live burrowing deep into the muddy bottom, or move in the mud near the surface, or along the bottom itself, crawling along it with enviable leisureliness. Many species also live in thickets of aquatic vegetation, where it is easier for them to hide from external enemies. Depending on the habitat, the color of the nymphs varies - from yellow to almost black.
Development and reproduction
The development of dragonflies, unlike other insects, is characterized by incomplete transformation - there is no pupal stage. Some species living in southern latitudes are capable of producing several generations per year. The mating process takes place right in the air and lasts from a few seconds to 2-3 hours.
After fertilization, the dragonfly lays eggs directly on water, plants and other floating objects. Females of some species are able to dive under water to a depth of 1 meter, remaining dry, thanks to the air bubble that surrounds the body.
Stages of development:
- Eggs are round or elongated. Their color can vary from light yellow to brown, and their number can range from 250 to 500 pieces. Sometimes they are covered with a special mass that resembles jelly, or are collected in strands.
- The larvae can also be called nymphs or naiads. They differ significantly from adult individuals, which is associated with an underwater lifestyle. It is worth paying special attention to the head, which is generally no different from the imago, with the exception of the oral apparatus. The lower lip of the insect is a unique grasping device designed for effective catching of prey - a mask. When capturing food, it opens very quickly, pierces the victim with sharp edges and pulls it to the mouth. Breathing is carried out using gills. During development, the nymph goes through a cycle of several molts, gradually developing and changing.
- Imago is the final stage of life. By the time of the last molt, the insect is already able to breathe air. Under its shell there is an almost formed individual. Before shedding its cover, the larva climbs out of the water onto a plant and sits motionless on it for several days. The old shell bursts, and a fully formed dragonfly emerges.
Dragonflies are the most common predators of the air, capable of absorbing everything indiscriminately. Cannibalism is quite widespread among these insects. Larger individuals easily attack small ones.
Method of obtaining larvae
For prey, geese use a kind of “mormyshnitsa”. The device is a metal tube with a diameter of 15-20 cm and a length of 20-30 cm, one side of it is tightly welded and a mount for a wooden handle (like a shovel) is welded to it. The other side is cut slightly at an angle to the length, and holes with a diameter of about 1 cm are drilled in rows in the walls of the tube.
Dragonfly larvae are dug for fishing 1-3 days in advance. To do this, they look for banks with steep muddy ravine. The jig is stuck into such a bank, at a depth of 0.3-1 m under water, and then, filled with silt, it is raised to the surface. And at the water's edge, they pick out the silt with their hands, pouring water on it. In the silt, you can’t even see the larva, but when doused with water, it begins to flutter and is quickly transferred to a jar of water.
Features of dragonflies
The structure of these organs is most clear in some Haplogynae, for example in Segestria (Fig. 83) and Scytodes. Proximally, on the tarsal segment of the pedipalp, a large pear-shaped appendage (bulbus genitalis), elongated into a thin spout (embolus), develops.
At the end of the spout lies a small hole leading into a long, spirally coiled, chitin-lined sperm reservoir, or spermophore. During mating, the embolus is inserted into the female's seminal receptacle.
The proximal position of the bulb appears to be secondary. In many other primitive spiders (Aviculariidae, Hypochilusy Oonopidae, etc.), the copulatory apparatus is almost as simple, but the bulb is located subterminal or even completely terminal. In Hypochilus it is partially immersed, while in Filistata it is entirely immersed in the invagination at the end of the tarsal segment.
With the complication of the copulatory apparatus (Fig. 84), a second appendage develops next to the embolus - the conductor, which serves as a vagina or sheath for the embolus and facilitates the introduction of the latter into the copulatory opening of the female (Atypus, Caponia, etc.).
The base of the bulbus, already in Segestria and Scytodes, is movably articulated with the tarsus by means of an articular membrane.
Growing strongly in Aviculariidae, Atypus and other forms, the latter acquires the ability to swell with blood. In Entelegynae, the articular membrane turns into a special sac-like organ - a blood receptacle, or haematodocha, which folds at rest, but at the moment of mating it expands, swelling like a bubble under blood pressure.
The blood receptacle is located in a deep hole (alveolus) on the surface of the tarsus, which is called the boat (cymbium). Sometimes the tarsus is shortened to the size of a small scale (Nephila). Often in Entelegynae the copulatory apparatus reaches extraordinary complexity. One of its significant changes is the spiral twisting of the inflated blood receptacle and the bulb itself. The spermophore, which already in Segestria has a spiral course, here is strongly elongated and twists repeatedly; in addition, its individual sections can be differentiated in the form of special glandular organs (Linyphiidae).
Complications in the chitinized parts of the apparatus are also significant, and most importantly, very diverse and serve in taxonomy as an excellent criterion for distinguishing species. The bulb can take various shapes and become very complicated due to the formation of special sclerites or membranous parts on it.
The first are represented by the so-called retinacula (hetinacula) - chitinous appendages of various shapes that serve to attach the bulb to the female copulatory organs during mating. The second, called hematodochulae, are membranous areas that are functionally similar to a blood receptacle and can, like it, swell when filled with blood.
Quite often the embolus becomes more complicated. In Entelegynae, it forms a sharply isolated chitinized appendage and often turns into a flexible, spirally twisted hollow thread, the length of which can exceed the length of the body (Delena, Isopoda - from Sparassidae, Hyptiotes - from Uloboridae, Tegenaria - from Agelenidae and Labulla - from Linyphiidae).
In parallel with the embolus, the conductor is lengthened and usually twisted. From a simple embolus case, it turns into a special targeting device. Twisting of the embolus and conductor occurs in one direction (Isopoda) or in different directions (Dictyna, Tegenaria ferruginea).
Sometimes the entire copulatory apparatus reaches a very significant size. Thus, in Theridiosoma and in some related genera of Araneidae, the bulbus is the same size as the entire cephalothorax.
Finally, often (Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Linyphiidae) a special outgrowth also develops on the tarsus - paracymbium, which serves for attachment during mating; sometimes attachment hooks even develop on the tibia and femur of the pedipalp.
The male copulatory apparatus of Pholcidae stands apart.
In simpler cases (Ninetis, Modismus, etc.) the bulb has a simple pear-shaped shape, but in other genera it is very complex. Thus, in Pholcus phalangoides, in addition to the embolus, the bulb bears two more outgrowths. One of them, the uncus, is covered with peculiar scales, the other, the T-shaped appendix, is heavily chitinized. The tarsus also forms a distal outgrowth called procursus, which carries a soft membrane stretched between the teeth, which swells at the moment of mating.
In the question of the phylogenetic development of the male copulatory apparatus, decisive importance belongs to observations of its formation in ontogenesis.
As Burrows (1925) and Harm (1931, 1934) showed, in the ontogeny of Segestria and Salticidae the bulbus develops from the pretarsal segment, and the embolus from the claw. Accordingly, in Mugalomorphae (Eurypelma), the tendons of two muscles are attached to the base of the copulatory organ, in which it is easy to recognize the usual levator of the claw segment, attached, as in the unmodified pedipalp, in the tarsal segment, and the depressor, lying, as usual, in the tibia (Snodgrass, 1952). Obviously, the most primitive types of the copulatory apparatus should be sought in those spiders in which it is located terminally, such as, for example, Aviculariidae, Hypochilus, Filistata, Oonopidae (Comstock, 1913; Berland, 1932).
In Lipistius, on the contrary, the position of the apparatus is secondarily changed, and its high specialization indicates a special path of evolution of this genus.
In general, three types of copulatory apparatus are distinguished: a simple type Segestria, a complicated type characteristic of most Entelegynae and others, and a special type characteristic of Pholcidae. The first two represent successive stages of development; the formation path of the third type was probably special and independent.
There are 5,000 species of dragonflies in the world.
Fishing with kazara
The most promising time for using goosefish as bait is from the beginning of June to the end of September. When fishing with a float rod, anglers who fish with maggots have a significantly larger catch than anglers who fish with dung worms or maggots.
When placing this bait on a hook, the hook tip is threaded through the body, starting from the head of the larva. You can start planting from the head. As you prefer. It is advisable to place several small larvae on one hook.
The larvae are great for catching ide, fairly large perch, silver bream, chub and many other fish.
Variety of dragonflies
Today, more than 6 thousand species of dragonflies are known.
They are distinguished by their color, which can be very different, and their size, which can be from 3 to 12 centimeters. There are several thousand species of lice. But among this huge variety of lice, only three types are dangerous for humans: head, body and pubic. They differ in their habitat.
The entire variety of beetles can be divided into 6 families: predators, weevils, longhorned beetles, leaf beetles, ground beetles and lamellar beetles.
The variety of bedbugs is very large. The most famous of them are house bugs that feed on human blood.
Notes
- Shcherbak G. Y., Tsarichkova D. B., Verves Yu. G. Zoology of spineless animals: handbook: Book. 2. - K.: Libid, 1996. - 320 p.
- Shvanvich B.N. Course of general entomology: Introduction to the study of the structure and functions of the body of insects (Textbook for state universities) - M.-L.: “Sovetsk. science", 1949. - 900 s
- Bondarenko N.V., Polyakov I.Ya., Strelkov A.A. Harmful nematodes, mites, rodents. – L.: branch of the publishing house “Kolos”, 1969. – 272 p.
- Zakhvatkin Yu.A. Acarology - the science of ticks: History of development. Current state. Systematics: Textbook. - M.: Book house "LIBROKOM", 2012. - 192 p.
- Skvortsov V. E.
Dragonflies of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus: Key Atlas. - M.: Partnership of Scientific Publications KMK, 2010. - 624 p. — 1000 copies. — ISBN 978-5-87317-657-1. - ↑ Popova A. N.
Larvae of dragonflies of the fauna of the USSR (Odonata). — Keys to the fauna of the USSR, published by the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Issue 50. - M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1953. - P. 9-52. — 236 p. — 1500 copies. - Raikov B. E., Rimsky-Korsakov M. N.
Zoological excursions. - 6th. - L.: Uchpedgiz, 1956. - 694 p. - ↑ Kutikova L. A., Starobogatov Ya. I. (ed.).
Key to freshwater invertebrates of the European part of the USSR. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1977. - P. 266-268. — 513 p. - Marlatt C. F. (1907). "The periodical cicada". Bulletin of the USDA Bureau of Entomology. 71:1-181
- Life of animals. Volume 3. Arthropods: trilobites, chelicerates, trachea-breathers. Onychophora / ed. M. S. Gilyarova, F. N. Pravdina, ch. ed. V. E. Sokolov. — 2nd ed. - M.: Education, 1984. - P. 215. - 463 p.
Born predator
Without exception, all types of dragonflies (both nymphs and adults) feed on insects, often blood-sucking (horseflies, mosquitoes, midges). The dragonfly's body shape is ideal for hunting on the fly. These insects are “lean”, with a pronounced chest and elongated abdomen. The head of a dragonfly is very mobile. There are two complex compound eyes on it, allowing the insect to see everything that happens around and behind, and between these two there are ordinary ones, which serve for orientation in space. The organs of vision are designed in such a way that a dragonfly sees best against the sky. Therefore, she attacks the victim from below. The insect has a powerful mouth (“gnawing,” as scientists say), short antennae and stiff legs covered with hairs that help capture prey. Each representative of the order has two pairs of wings, which are equally well developed. This means that it is a bimotor insect. Dragonflies can fly at speeds of over 55 km/h.
Habitat
All animals settle in places where conditions are favorable for them.
Dragonflies live almost everywhere. But the main factor in their habitat is the humid climate. Therefore, you can find dragonflies near rivers and lakes. A wide variety of them live in tropical and subtropical climates.
The main habitat of lice is the hair of people and animals.
Many people wonder whether lice live in other places? Yes. They can settle, for example, on fabrics, such as body louse. Being parasitic on living beings, lice cannot settle under the skin.
Beetles live everywhere.
There are especially many of them in the tropical regions of the planet. You cannot find them in the Arctic and Antarctica. They live in small numbers on mountain tops. Bed bugs also live everywhere.
Some species can be found even beyond the Arctic Circle.
Nutrition
All representatives of the animal world can be predators, herbivores and omnivores.
Dragonflies are predatory animals. They feed on a variety of small insects, and their larvae can even eat fish fry. Lice feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals. This only happens when the lice life cycle reaches the adult stage.
Among the variety of beetles, you can find both predators that feed on small insects and herbivores that eat plants. Bedbugs can be predators, parasites, herbivores or omnivores.
Structural features
The same parts of the body can perform completely different functions in different animals. They depend on the animal’s lifestyle and environmental conditions.
Structural features of dragonflies
The eyes of dragonflies have a complex structure.
Their good vision is due to the fact that their upper part recognizes the shape of objects, and the lower part recognizes colors. To ensure the strength of the wings, veins are located along their entire length, and at the end you can see dark spots that reduce vibration during flight, thereby preventing wing fracture.
Dragonflies can make various beats of their hind and front wings for balance and synchronized ones for speeds that can reach 50 km/h. The lower lip is well developed and very long. It allows you to deftly grab prey. To hunt, the dragonfly compresses its legs while flying.
Features of the structure of lice
Lice have a sucking type oral apparatus, represented by two tubes: one for piercing the skin, and the second for sucking blood.
Another feature of the structure of lice is that during a puncture, a substance is released that stops blood clotting. The structure of the eyes is simple.
They may be completely absent. This suggests that lice do not use vision to move; their sense of smell helps them in this. This structure of lice is determined by their parasitic lifestyle.
Structural features of beetles
The main feature of beetles is their wings. They are double: the upper pair hardened during evolution and formed a chitinous shell, while the lower pair remained transparent and veiny.
This structure protects the beetle's body. They have a chewing-gnawing mouthparts.
Features of the structure of bedbugs
Bedbugs have glands on their chests that secrete an odorous enzyme. It is unpleasant to humans and resembles the smell of almonds. It serves to scare away enemies.
