River rats: name, photo with description, characteristics

• November 26, 2018
• Hunting
• Ekaterina Gordeeva

The farmer went out into the garden in the morning and grabbed his head. All the crops are turned inside out, there are strange holes around them. And the roots are gnawed.

Who did it? The first thought is that the moles tried. These diggers had nothing to do with it, because the river rats came to visit. If there is a body of water nearby, it’s definitely their business.

We'll talk about these animals in more detail in the article.

Who are you?

What kind of animal is a water rat? A pest that farmers and gardeners really dislike. Not only does the cute creature cause damage by damaging seedlings, but it also robs the beds.

River rats are the closest relatives of wild pasyuki. They have extreme gluttony and reproduce quickly. What does the animal look like? More on this below.

Nutrition

Water voles are primarily herbivores, eating the roots, tender stems and leaves of cattails, sedges and grasses. They may also graze nearby fields and eat corn. In a forest stream, more than half of their diet may consist of green algae taken from floating masses in dumps or scraped from rocks. Freshwater molluscs, some types of fish and crustaceans make up a small part of their diet.

To satisfy their diet, voles tend to accumulate seeds, nuts, acorns and ponytail rhizomes in special chambers dug in their lair, and then use them during periods of prolonged rain (even though they have semi-aquatic habits, in fact, during rains, rats tend not to leave their dens) and in winter, since they are a species that does not hibernate.

Description

The word “rat” makes some people cringe. If you look closely, both common and river rats are not so nasty. The latter are not particularly large comrades. They weigh about 250 grams. Their sizes vary from 20 to 25 centimeters.

They look like a pig and a guinea pig at the same time. A sort of strange hybrid: the snout of an underwater rat is short and rectangular, like that of a guinea pig, and the body of a rat is long, flexible, with a thin tail. By the way, the tail is covered with hairs and does not cause such disgust as a bald rat.

The water rat has long and thick fur. The upper part of the body (head, neck and back) is brown-gray. This is where the name came from - water rat. It seems that the color is ugly, but it is not. The photo shows that the animal is quite cute and its color scheme is in order.

The chest and belly of the animals are lighter than the main color.

Appearance

Externally, a vole has a lot in common with an ordinary rat - but its body is shorter, its muzzle is also shortened, and its ears are smaller. But the legs, on the contrary, are longer - but they are not so noticeable because of the fur. The tail of a vole, unlike a rat, is covered with hair and ends in a kind of tassel. It is easy to distinguish a vole from a rat - its incisors are yellow-brown in color.

Where did you come to us from?

What is the name of the water rat and where does it live? We will answer the first part of the question a little later. We will talk about the place of residence of the beast in this subsection.

You can find a surprise in the form of a pest everywhere. The rodent is distributed throughout Russia.

In the warm season, the animal lives calmly in various bodies of water. A pond, a river, a lake—it’s all his family. It can even live in swamps.

With the onset of cold weather, river rats begin to think about a hole. In order to create it, they move to the meadows, where they dig a nest for wintering. “Old pensioners” don’t like to move. They build houses for themselves right in the swamp hummocks or next to their native pond. Is there a dead tree nearby? Rodents are happy and happy. They will make a mink, bring herbs there and spend the winter there.

Enemies and lifespan

Natural enemies of voles are minks, foxes, otters, stoats, weasels, owls, herons, harriers, pikes, brown rats and cats.

Water voles are short-lived and likely have a very high mortality rate in their first year of life. In captivity, they can live up to 5 years, but the average life expectancy in their natural habitat is less than a year.

• European…
• Forest dormouse: where...
• Rodents in life...
• Where do scorpions live?
• River dolphins
• Common spadefoot

Do you want to eat?

What is the official name of the river rat? A little patience, we'll tell you soon.

Let's talk about rodent nutrition for now. What does the animal that lives in and near water bodies eat?

Sedge, reeds, and reed shoots are the main diet of the water rat. They do not disdain marsh plants either. Of course, if they themselves live there.

Why do rats go to a person’s garden if they are provided with food? Rodents' favorite foods grow there. Aquatic comrades love root vegetables: potatoes, for example. Moreover, give them straight tubers, without rot or flaws. For the winter, reserves are made only from these.

They will happily eat beets and carrots. This is a favorite treat of river rats.

During the winter, supplies run out. So the animals have to go into human gardens. It would seem, what can you find there in the spring? People ate everything themselves. But don’t forget about the roots of garden plants. Water rats do not disdain them and eat them with great appetite.

Damage caused

In vegetable gardens, the water rat creates real terror. In just one winter, a family can turn a cultivated area into a source of chaos. Consequences of this proximity include:

• 
  large crop losses

  . Each individual eats more than 10 kg of food per season. Not only plants in the garden are used, but also stocks of root crops and grain from the cellars;
• garden damage . Flower bulbs, apple bark, and trunks of berry bushes are destroyed. Trees begin to get sick easily from wounds;
• destruction of turf . Along with the roots, the top layer of soil, which is very important for plant protection, is damaged;
• damage to the aesthetic appearance . Holes and piles of discarded earth appear on the territory. Visually, the presence of a rat can be confused with moles;
• increased weed growth . Volatile spores of thistle, gillweed and other “bad” grasses instantly settle on damaged turf. It becomes very difficult to get them out. Without proper treatment, the damaged area will remain so the next year;
• disappearance of beneficial insects and amphibians . In especially hungry times, the rodent does not hesitate to eat small bugs, midges, and frogs.

In addition, the water rat can cause serious harm directly to people. Dangerous infectious diseases (hemorrhagic fever, tularemia, leptospirosis) are transmitted to humans through damaged food and bites. Therefore, it is extremely important to weed out damaged root crops and promptly identify the pest that has taken up residence.

Reproduction

Once a female water rat reaches eight weeks of age, it can give birth to pups.

Reproduction begins in the spring. And lasts until autumn. From approximately April to October, new representatives of river rats are born.

Animals are very fertile. Of course, twenty pieces won’t be born at once. But 7-10 rats per litter is easy. And during the warm period, one female can bring up to five litters, that is, thirty-five to fifty cubs. And that's just from one mother.

Rats live with their mother for about a month. At the age of 4-5 weeks they slowly become independent. They find food for themselves and learn to build nests. By the age of two months they leave the parental burrow.

In wild nature

The gray rat lives near water, preferring gently sloping banks with soft soil, where it can dig a long (up to 5 meters) hole. When this shelter is flooded during a flood, the rats move into hollows, and if there are none, they build temporary nests in nearby trees. They are not afraid of water at all, they swim and dive perfectly (there are small swimming membranes on the hind legs of the animals), and they get food in the water - mollusks, swimming beetles, frogs, and, on occasion, fish. In general, the rat attacks any prey, from insects to pigeons and water voles, which are not inferior in size to the pigeon (it is not for nothing that the vole is better known as the “water rat”). But the latter is much inferior to him in intelligence and dexterity. In natural conditions, pasyuki usually live in large groups, sometimes in colonies, jealously defending their ancestral territory from strangers. At the same time, family members distinguish their many brothers not “by portrait”. And the point here is not a bad memory - when solving a task of passing a labyrinth, a Pasyuk can remember a more complex route in his head than a person. The rat identifies “friends” and “strangers” by smell: all members of the colony are blood relatives who constantly maintain physical contact with each other, their smell has a common component. Everything else doesn’t matter: if you keep a pasyuk on bedding left over from someone else’s group, and then release it to its relatives, they will tear it into pieces, sensing a foreign smell.

Needless to say, the same fate awaits the real stranger. Violent clashes within the group are also not uncommon, although there are almost no deaths. By the way, their fights are stimulated by nature itself: male pasyuks have an interesting physiological mechanism - after each successful fight, the winning rat grows a little and gains weight (pasyuks, in principle, are capable of growing throughout their lives). And since the outcome of the fight depends primarily on the size ratio of the fighters, the most successful fighters grow until those who want to measure their strength are transferred. Such champions become dominant and the fathers of most rat pups in the group.

Nutrition

The gray rat differs from most rodents in its increased animal-eating - it certainly needs animal proteins in its diet. In nature, among animal foods, fish and amphibians, as well as mollusks, come first; In the Far East, pasyuks actively hunt small rodents and insectivores, and destroy the ground nests of birds. Rats living along the shores of ice-free seas feed on marine waste all year round. Plant foods include seeds, grains, and succulent parts of plants. Near humans, pasyuki feed on all available food products, as well as waste, livestock and poultry feed; Fecal feeding is not uncommon. Stocks are made quite rarely.

Each rat consumes 25–20 g of food per day, eating 7–10 kg of food per year. Gray rats endure starvation hard and die without food after 3–4 days. They die even faster without water. Each rat drinks 30–35 ml of water per day; Eating wet food reduces the need for water to 5–10 ml per day. Experimentally, it was found that rats can exist normally when consuming food containing more than 65% moisture. If the moisture content of the feed is 45%, the rats die after 26 days, and at 14% - after 4–5.

sea ​​rat

There is no such thing in nature. Doesn't exist, period. There is a water rat or guinea pig. The latter is called a rat, which causes confusion with the names.

Guinea pigs do not live in bodies of water. This is a land-based pet, very affectionate and funny. The animal can sing songs, standing on its hind legs and whistling. He becomes attached to his owner and is happy to make contact with him.

To live, such a “sea rat” needs a spacious cage, a place without drafts and direct sunlight, and special food. With good care they live up to 8 years.

Where do they live?

One of the smallest species is the South American fish-eating rat (Neusticomys monticolus) with a body length of 10–12 cm and a tail of approximately the same length. The golden-bellied water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) from Australia, New Guinea is the largest - 20 - 39 cm and has a shorter tail (20 - 33 cm).

Lives near freshwater lakes, estuaries, rivers, coastal mangrove swamps, and is tolerant of heavily polluted habitats. It feeds on invertebrates such as large insects, snails, mussels, crabs, crayfish, fish, frogs, turtles, young and adult birds, bird eggs, bats.

The other 17 species generally require clean, unpolluted freshwater streams. They eat a variety of aquatic insects, crustaceans, and small fish. All water rats find prey underwater using sensitive whiskers.

Most rodents are skilled swimmers and aggressive underwater predators. African water rat (Colomys goslingi) wanders through shallow water or sits at the edge. It feeds on ground insects and snails. Although most are nocturnal, some species are active during the day.

Find out more How to remove fungus from a wall in an apartment or cellar

Water rats of the genus Hydromys live in the mountains and coastal lowlands of Australia, New Guinea, and some nearby islands. The African waterfish is also found along streams bordered by rainforest. 11 water rats of the Western Hemisphere live in the southern part of Mexico, South America, where they usually live along streams of tropical forests and mountain pastures.

Relation to water voles

People are divided into two camps: some are crazy about these rodents. The latter consider them terrible and vile pests.

The first ones keep water rats at home. They equip entire aquariums with artificial burrows for such unusual pets.

Buying such an animal is not easy. There are almost no breeders in Russia, and rodent fans have to make a lot of efforts to acquire such a miracle.

Those who oppose river rats actively fight against them. As a rule, these are farmers whose gardens are damaged by animals.

Prevention measures

To protect the grown crop from pests, it is necessary to create unfavorable conditions for the life and reproduction of pests. To this end, a number of preventive measures are carried out:

1. In the fall, deep plowing of the fields is carried out, as a result of which rat holes are destroyed.
2. Install mesh barriers to protect warehouses, granaries, cellars and communications leading to them from the penetration of water rats.
3. Maintain cleanliness on the territory of these facilities, avoid cluttering the areas with garbage and food waste.
4. They cultivate the areas, freeing them from dead wood, weeds and fallen leaves.
5. Deratization is systematically carried out using pesticides and mechanical traps for rats.

These measures prevent the spread of pests to new areas.

You can protect your site from the invasion of earth rats with the help of preventive measures, which consist in eliminating favorable conditions for the life of these pests. But if this does not help, and rodents still appear, you should immediately take measures to expel or exterminate them. Each owner chooses his own measures to combat earth rats in the garden, humane or not. And we wish you a calm and fruitful summer season!

How to deal with water rats?

This question is asked by those who are “lucky enough” to encounter animal activity. It’s not pleasant to see a vegetable garden that’s all covered in bumps. Moreover, the roots of the plants were uprooted, scattered over the beds and carefully sprinkled with earth on top.

How to deal with river voles? There are several ways:

1. Rat poison. It works effectively. Only the method is dangerous; the poisoned bait can be eaten by your own cat or dog. And if a small child picks up a piece of sausage, what happens? Therefore, it is better to come up with another way.
2. Trap. It is useless in open areas. But in barns or a grain barn it is a very useful thing. River voles not only tend the garden, they also visit the barn with supplies.
3. Glue trap. Suitable for both open and closed areas. The thief rodent will get into it and stick. All that remains is to get rid of it.

Folk remedies

What do experienced farmers advise? How to get rid of the nasty water rat from your property?

1. Start by concreteing the bottom of the fence that encloses the area. The water vole will not undermine the ground. He will leave immediately.
2. Rodents do not like the smell of onions and peppermint. Plant them in different areas of your garden.
3. Found a hole? Take a rag and soak it in kerosene or acetone. We put the rag in a regular bag and make a small hole in it. We put the package in the hole.
4. The smell of burnt wool will help drive uninvited guests out of the area. Scatter a small amount over the area.
5. Sprinkle the area with wood ash. If a water rat tastes it, it will cause an upset stomach. In addition, ash causes skin irritation in rodents. Constant poor health associated with visiting your site will force the animal to stop coming here.
6. Rodents and burrs are afraid. They stick to the fur and then do not come off, causing a lot of inconvenience to the rat. Thistle will save you from visits from the beast. Tangles of burdock are scattered around the site.

Habitat

Water rats are rarely far from a source of fresh water. Wetlands are preferred habitats. These wetlands provide an excellent source of food, shelter, and permanent shallow water. These animals can dig shallow channels six to eight inches deep to connect deeper springs with water. This provides them with better swimming routes to avoid predators, better access to feeding areas, and an easier route to and from home. For this reason, muskrats often transform a swamp into a series of interconnected channels.

Water rats build houses at the end of the canal if the muskrat lives in a swamp. Those living in streams and rivers will build their homes on the banks. Decaying cattails and other aquatic plants pile up at the site along with the dirt from the channel's digging, creating piles that can reach heights of three to four feet. A nest or hollow is created under the pile, but above the water level. These nests can be a meter or more in diameter and may be connected to adjacent tunnels leading to another family's nest.

Large water rat houses usually have many entrances, while animal families usually have more than one house and several smaller ones known as huts. This variety of hiding places provides the muskrat with an additional level of protection from predators.

Bank burrows are hidden in the banks of a stream or river. An underwater entrance will mark the location of the lair. This entrance helps protect the nest from ground predators. Bank shelters usually have a vent near the nest that allows air to enter the nest.

Water rats are very vulnerable to predators in winter because their black bodies stand out against the white, snowy landscape. Under these conditions, rodents run between food, shelter, and hiding areas. The amount of cover available to muskrats will determine how high the predation rate will be.

Except in severe frost conditions, water voles survive by using loose "rafts" of grass or floating debris. They can dig through these "rafts" to create an escape route or air hole if the wetland freezes. During ice cover, rodents may use this series of air holes to move from one feeding site to another. This ice cover will also protect them from predators that cannot swim. During this time, voles can travel back and forth, feeding on the fleshy roots and stems of aquatic plants.