Hemipteran insects bugs representatives development significance oral apparatus characteristics features photo classification.
Bugs are hemipterans, one of the orders of insects with incomplete transformation, including over 40,000 species, different in morphology and biology. Most species of bedbugs are predators leading a terrestrial or aquatic lifestyle, and less often they are parasites. Triatomine, or kissing, bugs, found in hot countries, are carriers of American trypanosomiasis Bed (see) bug.
Latin name Hemiptera
A large order of bedbugs, including more than 30,000 species, is close to the order of Homoptera. Many of the bugs are serious pests of cultivated plants, and some are parasites of animals and humans.
Hemipterans or bedbugs
Like homoptera, bugs have a piercing-sucking mouthpart in the form of a jointed proboscis, with which herbivorous forms suck plant juices, and bloodsucking forms suck the blood of humans and animals.
The wings of the front pair, or elytra, of most bedbugs are unequal in thickness: the main part (or 2/3) of each elytra is hard, leathery, formed by a thicker layer of chitin, and the apical part (or 1/3) is soft, thin and transparent, called membranous. This heterogeneity in the structure of the elytra determined the name of the order - Hemiptera. In some species, the elytra are uniform (water striders), in others they are shortened, and rarely absent (bed bug).
The structure of the thoracic region of bedbugs is characterized by a rather strong development of the prothorax tergite. The tergite of the mesothorax is represented by a small triangular shield, which is located between the pronotum and folded elytra. In some bugs (turtles), this shield is so developed that it reaches the end of the abdomen and covers the elytra. The metathorax is not visible from above; on its inferolateral surface, ducts of odorous glands usually open, the secret of which is well known to everyone for the unpleasant odor characteristic of bedbugs. The development of bedbugs occurs with incomplete metamorphosis.
Bugs are pests of cultivated plants
Among the herbivorous bugs, the most important are pests of cereals, especially wheat and barley, and various bugs: the European bug (Eurygaster integriceps), the Austrian bug (E. austriacus), and the Moorish or black bug (E. maurus).
Turtle bugs manifest themselves as pests of grain crops in Central Asia, Ukraine, Crimea and the Caucasus. In the spring, they fly from wintering grounds to grain fields, where they suck the stems of grain crops, weakening them and causing death. This is where turtles breed. Females lay 70-100 eggs in a clutch, from which larvae emerge after two weeks. Larvae and adult bugs attack the ears en masse, destroying and spoiling the filling grains. The larvae molt 5 times, turning into adults, and then migrate from grain crops to wintering sites - into forests and shelterbelts. In Central Asia, they make regular flights to mountain forests at altitudes of up to 1500 m.
The fight against turtles is carried out in various ways. They are destroyed by spraying the affected fields from aircraft. In early spring, at the wintering sites of turtles, fallen leaves are raked into piles, which are covered with earth on top.
In the fields of spring wheat, bait heaps of leaves and straw are arranged, sprinkling the soil under them with powerful preparations. Chickens are used with great success to kill turtles. They are released both into the turtles' wintering grounds and into the fields, where they peck off huge numbers of bugs. The use of egg-eating insects that lay eggs in turtle eggs is also of great importance.
It should be noted that pests of garden crops are cruciferous bugs (genus Eurydema). They feed on wild and cultivated cruciferous crops, especially damaging cabbage, mustard and rapeseed. These are the rapeseed bug (Eurydema oleracea), the painted bug (E. ornata), etc.
Cruciferous bugs
Cruciferous bugs - 1 (Eurydema), genus of stink bugs, family Pentatomidae. Length 5-10 mm. About 30 species, in Eurasia and North Africa; in Russia - 13 species, everywhere except the Far North. They damage plants of the cruciferous family (for example, mustard, cabbage). Widely known: rapeseed bug (E. oleracea) - in the forest zone of the European part and Western Siberia, mustard (E. ornata) and cabbage bugs (E. ventralis) - in the south of the European part..
Among ground bugs there are many predators that destroy harmful insects and thereby bring great benefits.
Dimensions
Sizes vary widely from 0.8-1 mm (Ceratocombidae) to 109 mm (Lethocerus grandis). In Europe, one of the smallest species is the tiny corixa (Micronecta minutissima) with a length of 1.5 mm, one of the largest is the rod-shaped ranatra (Ranatra linearis) with a body length of 60-70 mm along with air tubes. In the same family there can be both very small species and “giants”, for example Crypsinus angustatus 3 mm long and Eusthenes hercules 39-42 mm.
Bed bugs are animal parasites
Bedbugs are often parasites of birds and mammals. They live in nests, hollows and burrows of animals, and where they attack their hosts to suck blood. The bedbug (Cimex lectularius), which lives in human dwellings, leads a similar lifestyle. The bedbug's wings are reduced, leaving only small rudiments of the elytra. A characteristic feature of bedbugs that makes it difficult to combat them is their ability to starve for long periods of time. Bedbugs can go hungry for more than six months, so they can survive in non-residential premises. Bed bugs lay eggs in cracks in walls, under wallpaper, and in home furniture. Bedbugs cause very serious concern with their bites, but relatively rarely serve as carriers of infections.
In South America, a severe, often fatal disease caused by trypanosomes is transmitted to humans by kissing bugs.
Nutrition
Most hemipterans feed on plant foods and specifically the juices of flowering plants, which they suck out with the help of a proboscis; some species feed on the juices of mushrooms and ferns. Predatory species feed mainly on small insects. The mouthparts of these insects are adapted for predation. The lower jaws have serrated stylets that are capable of cutting and abrading the tissues of their prey.
Leafhopper Balclutha punctata
Some species of horseflies lead an exclusively predatory lifestyle, while in others predation is only facultative: the blood of insects serves as additional food, while the main food is plant juices. There are forms that feed on both plant and animal foods. Many predators suck juices from other animals, especially insect larvae; some also suck out the corpses of insects. Finally, some hemiptera are permanent or temporary (bed bugs) parasites. Aquatic bugs (Notonectidae, Nepidae) prey on fish fry and frog tadpoles.
Hemiptera Water bugs
During excursions to fresh water bodies in spring, summer or autumn, you can almost always encounter aquatic predatory bugs. They can serve as excellent examples of the influence of the secondary transition to life in an aquatic environment on the organization of these animals.
On the surface of fresh water bodies, various water striders and runners from the genera Hydrometra and Limnoporus are common, perfectly adapted to gliding along the surface of the water on thin, widely spaced limbs, the paws of which are not wetted by water. These are, in fact, land bugs that never dive into water and spend the winter on land. They glide along the surface of the water, finding food here. Among water striders, a small number of species live on the surface of the oceans, often far from the shores.
Of the bugs living in water, the one that attracts the most attention is the large predatory smooth bug (Notonecta glauca). The hind limbs of the smoothie have changed into rowing legs, with the help of which it quickly swims with its back down. This is also associated with the unusual distribution of coloration for aquatic animals, which has a protective value. However, the smoothie is capable of flying, and even over quite long distances. No less dexterous swimmers are swimmers (Ilyocoris).
All aquatic hemipterans - bugs breathe atmospheric air, and their spiracles are placed at the end of the abdomen, which from time to time is slightly exposed above the surface of the water for breathing. The water scorpion (Nepa cinerea) is very interesting for its adaptations to breathing atmospheric air with the help of a long tube at the end of the abdomen and for its grasping forelimbs. It stays in shallow places among fallen leaves.
Bed bug
A bed bug (fig.) is a parasite that inhabits human homes; the presence of the bug is an indicator of the unsanitary condition of the room. The participation of bed bugs in the transmission of infections and infestations has not been proven. When sucking blood, it injects saliva, as a result of which a blister and an itching sensation appear on the skin. A bedbug can go without food for six months or longer and is resistant to low temperatures, so “freezing out” beds and other things in order to free them from bedbugs is ineffective. In the fight against bed bugs, general sanitary and hygienic measures play an important role. When moving into new houses, furniture and belongings from old apartments where there were bedbugs must first be thoroughly disinfested (see). The interior decoration of apartments must meet sanitary and technical requirements (no gaps or cracks in the plaster and wooden walls and beams, well-pasted wallpaper, etc.).
Fighting bedbugs
The fight against bedbugs should be carried out everywhere and at the same time - not only in a separate room, apartment, but also in the whole house. To combat bedbugs, chlorinated hydrocarbons are usually used - dusts and DDT emulsions (at a rate of 2-4 g/m2); lindane (at the rate of 0.2 g/m2). Organophosphorus compounds also have a high insecticidal effect - trichlorometaphos (or trichlorvos) in a concentration of 0.2-0.4% at a rate of 0.2-0.4 g/m2; Melathion (or karbofos) - 5% dust at the rate of 15-25 g/m2. Chlorophos in a concentration of 2-3% at a rate of 2-4 g/m2 is also very effective.
DDVF aerosols can be used.
When working with these drugs, it is necessary to take measures to protect workers from their toxic effects; the treatment is carried out in gowns, using a respirator or closing the airways with a gauze bandage with a cotton pad. In cases where insecticides cannot be used, areas where bedbugs accumulate are treated with boiling water (cracks in the walls, beds, mattresses, etc.).
Anatomy
The esophagus is long and narrow, the salivary glands are well developed, there is no goiter; the stomach consists of several sections; There are usually 4 Malpighian vessels, but there may be 2 or none at all. The tracheal system is well developed and sometimes has bubbles, spiracles up to 10 pairs (3 on the chest, 7 on the abdomen); in some hemiptera the posterior pair of spiracles opens into long tubes. The genital organs are usually paired and consist of 2, 4, 8 or more tubes or bags; there are usually accessory glands and a seed receptacle, and sometimes (in cicadas) a copulatory bursa. Some hemipterans have vocal apparatuses, they are especially developed in cicadas, which have special cavities that play the role of resonators; Some bedbugs make sounds by rubbing their proboscis against their chest or front legs.
Eurybrachys tomentosa
Control measures
Preventive actions
The measures are aimed at preventing the appearance of bedbugs and creating conditions that prevent their development and reproduction:
Extermination activities
Insecticides of various formulations are used to kill bed bugs. Ovicidal insecticides are especially effective. Treatment is carried out only in rooms where insects are found. Simultaneous treatment of all adjacent premises is carried out only in hostels and hotels. [3]
When writing the article, the following sources were also used: [4]
Source
Reproduction and development
Among aphids, viviparity, parthenogenesis (also characteristic of mealybugs), polymorphism and heterogony are widespread. In most species, development occurs with incomplete transformation. The intermediate stage between egg and adult is called nymph. Eggs of bed bugs are laid singly or in groups, glued to stems or leaves, and sometimes buried inside plant stems or, in rare cases, in damp sand. After 2-3 molts, the larvae receive the rudiments of wings (pupa or nymph stage) and with a new molt they turn into an adult insect.
Laceweed (Corythucha sp.)
Morphology
Imago . An insect with a strongly flattened body. The wings are lost. The remains of the elytra in the form of small oval plates located on the mesothorax have been preserved from them. The oral apparatus is a three-segmented proboscis with spiny bristles (modified lower and upper jaws). The antennae are four-segmented. [5] The third antennal segment is the longest. The fourth and third antennal segments are much thinner than the second. The eyes are convex. The body is covered with thin short hairs. [2] Legs running, with three-segmented tarsi. [5] The pronotum in front has a deep notch, its anterior angles protrude far forward in the form of wide lobes.
Color and size depend on the degree of saturation. The sucked bug swells, becomes larger, and the color acquires a more saturated red tint. [5] Size ranges from 4.5 to 6.5 mm. The lateral margin of the pronotum is somewhat paler and wider. At the anterior end it is twice as wide as the eyes. The posterior edge of the elytra is cut off almost straight. [1]
Sexual dimorphism . Individuals of different sexes differ in the structure of their genital organs.
Male . The end of the abdomen is asymmetrical. On the left side of the last segment there is a strongly curved copulatory organ. [2]
Female . The end of the female's abdomen is rounded. On the seventh segment, the vaginal slit is clearly visible. On the lateral side of the posterior edge of the fourth segment there is a notch leading into the copulatory bursa. [2]
The egg is goblet-shaped, slightly curved. There is a cap at the upper end. The color is white at first, turning yellow as it develops. [5]
Larva (nymph) . The body size is smaller than that of an adult bedbug. The tarsi are two-segmented. The antennae are shorter and thicker than those of the imago. [5] The first segment is the shortest, the second is shorter than the third. The abdomen consists of eight visible segments. [2]
Phenology of development (in days)
