Glass cell - fight against glass cell, modern drugs and folk methods

Glassworts, or Sesiidae, belong to the Lepidoptera family. Butterflies of this family are representatives of the numerous suborder Proboscis. The identification of these insects into the family of glass butterflies belongs to the French entomologist Jean-Baptiste de Boisduval, who studied these butterflies in 1828.

Today there are 152 genera of Sesiidae Boisduval represented in the world. This is almost 1,384 species, of which 115 species live in Europe, and 50 species or 8 genera inhabit the European part of Russia. Another 8 species are common in the Chuvash Republic.

Of particular importance for the agricultural industry is the study of:

apple glass, or Synanthedon myopaeformis;
currant glass, or Synanthedon tipuliformis;
Raspberry glassweed, or Pennisetia hylaeiformis.

Description of the pest

The glasswort is a medium-sized butterfly with a thick body and long legs. They are distinguished by a variety of colors, some species resemble in appearance. All butterflies have narrow transparent or translucent wings with an orange border and black veins. Wingspan – 10–50 mm.

The eggs are round, slightly flattened or oval, yellow-brown or black in color.

larvae are white or gray-white caterpillars up to 0.5 cm long with a pair or two pairs of legs. pupae with spines on the abdomen.

The family includes more than 900 species, 45 of them live in Russia. The most common are: poplar glass, apple glass, raspberry glass, currant glass .

After the end of flowering of trees and shrubs, butterflies lay one or several eggs on branches, roots, soil, and in cracks in the bark. The fertility of females varies, ranging from 50–1800 eggs . 2 weeks after laying eggs, offspring appear.

The caterpillars quickly penetrate the stem. There they live and feed until next year, gradually moving towards the base of the stem.

With the arrival of warm May days, the caterpillars emerge and pupate. This new generation of butterflies is ready to reproduce. They love the sun and fly near food plants during the day. The activity of adult butterflies ends when the harvest ripens, and the full development cycle of each generation takes 1 year.

Glass Butterfly.

The glasswing butterfly is one of the most unusual butterflies. What makes her unusual is that her wings are transparent.

The genus vitreous is part of a specific clade, that is, a group, of butterflies. Clade means "branch" and is a term used in species taxonomy. When groups of species share a common ancestor (not necessarily extant), they are monophyletic. The common ancestor of glass moths is long extinct, but the clade to which they belong is known as clearwing butterflies.

Glass Butterfly.

Most butterflies have colored scales on their wings that form a pattern on their wings, often designed to ward off predators. The glass butterfly uses a completely different method: transparent wings help it hide from predators, rather than scare them away.

The wings of the glass butterfly are almost completely transparent, they only have dark-colored edges, sometimes bordered with orange. If not for these edges, the glass would be almost invisible to the human eye.

Glass Butterfly.

Transparency in nature is not a very clear thing. To become transparent, body tissue must not absorb light. It should not dissipate it either, since this is the main obstacle to transparency. For example, people will never be able to become transparent because we contain chemical and biochemical compounds with different refractions.

Consequently, the wings of the glass must have such a refractive index that everything can be seen through them, since otherwise transparency will be impossible. There is a hypothesis that the surface of the wing is covered with projections that are so small that they can be considered almost microscopic. They have the same refractive index and, since they do not scatter light, the wings become transparent.

Glass Butterfly.

If you want to see glassfish in the wild, you'll have to travel anywhere from Mexico to Panama, and there you'll reach your goal. You will also have to find the nearest rain forest, since it is in the lower tier of such forests that the glassworts live and thrive. They feed on the nectar of a variety of rainforest flowers, but when it comes time to lay eggs and ensure the survival of the next generation, the glassfish (figuratively) has an ace up its sleeve.

Whenever possible, the glasswort lays its eggs on a plant of the genus Cestrum. It belongs to the nightshade family and is highly poisonous. The caterpillars, which are striped bright purple and red (to ward off potential predators), are inedible to birds and other animals. Alkaloids (naturally occurring plant substances containing a lot of nitrogen) remain in the body of an adult glassfish, which means that butterflies will not be a tasty dish either.

During mating, which can last several hours and usually begins shortly after noon, males convert some of these alkaloids into pheromones that attract females to them.

The glasswort is also known for its long-distance migrations and the fact that males of this species perform a mating ritual on “dates.” It happens like this: many males come together to show their best qualities together - then the females choose the leader who is outwardly most exciting.

The glassfish, while not a rare species, is one of the few land animals that have successfully mastered the art of being transparent.

Glasswing butterfly . The glass butterfly is one of the most unusual butterflies.

Women's site: I-the-most-beautiful.rf (www.i-kiss.ru)

Author: Mironova Olga Vyacheslavovna

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What does the affected plant look like?

Butterflies from the glassweed family enjoy a variety of plants. They damage apple, pear, plum, cherry, apricot, quince, hawthorn, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, and blackberries . The pest settles on poplar, willow, birch, ash, linden .

No varieties that are relatively resistant to the pest have yet been developed. On perennial plants, glassware can damage 10–50% of the branches.

In the first year, damaged bushes and trees do not differ much from healthy ones. Only a lot of small leaves grow, and the berries on fruit crops become smaller. The following spring, damaged shoots after flowering and during the formation of berries begin to wither and dry out. .

If you cut such a branch, you will see a black core at the cut site . On a longitudinal section, the pest’s winding passages are visible, filled with its secretions mixed with wood debris . Sometimes dried branches, along with unripe berries, break off and fall.

On the bark, where adult insects emerge on the surface, particles of the pupal membrane remain for a short time. In some species, caterpillars live in the roots and stumps of trees.

Causes and signs of infection of a fruit bush

External signs of currant damage by pests are a decrease in the size of the leaves, their premature wilting and falling. The number of ovaries decreases significantly, the berries decrease in size and become sour. Sick shoots die the next year after infection.

Inside the cut branches, the rear doors are clearly visible, in which the same culprits of the disaster are often found - caterpillars.

The main cause of infection is lack of proper care and untimely preventive measures.

Fighting glassware

Modern drugs

It is difficult to combat glass beetles, since the pest larvae spend most of their lives inside plants and are difficult to influence with chemicals.

It is important not to miss the time when young larvae emerge from the eggs, when they have not yet had time to penetrate into the shoots. This moment coincides with the beginning of the appearance of young leaves.

Mospilan

A systemic contact insecticide penetrates all parts of plants, quickly spreads throughout their organs and poisons the pest. After 5–7 days they die. The consumption rate of the drug is 2.5–3 g per 10 liters of water. During the season, 2 treatments are carried out, the drug protects against the pest for up to 40 days.

Golden spark

Insecticide based on imidacloprid. Well absorbed and resistant to rinsing. It is produced in liquid and powder form. If a concentrate is used to prepare the solution, then it will require 1 ml per 5–10 liters of water. When using powder, consumption rate: 40 g per 10 liters of water.

Lepidocide

Biological insecticide, safe for humans and the environment. To treat plants, 20–30 g are dissolved in 10 liters of water. Trees and shrubs are sprayed 2-3 times with an interval of 7-8 days.

Traditional methods

Weak, dry and fading branches and shoots are pruned from plants. During the summer this should be done systematically.
On berry bushes in the fall, shoots that have grown less than 10 cm are removed. On heavily infected bushes, all branches are cut to the ground. Healthy shoots will then grow from the roots.
Plants with a strong odor will prevent the pest from laying eggs. In summer, trees and bushes are sprayed with infusions of onions (200–300 g of onion pulp per 10 liters of water), garlic (100 g per 10 liters of water), pine needles (200 g per 3 glasses of water), citrus peels (1 kg of peels crushed through a meat grinder per 3 liters of water). Marigolds, calendula, and nasturtium are planted between the rows. In June, when the pests pupate, the soil around the bushes is loosened and sprinkled with dry mustard, tobacco, and ash.

You can outsmart a glassfish if you know the peculiarities of its biology. In this case, chemical treatments will be of benefit. But the main efforts and time of gardeners should be aimed at prevention.

You will learn more about the fight against glassware in the video.

Preventive actions

Before purchasing seedlings, it is necessary to conduct a thorough visual analysis of all planting material for the presence of diseases and damage. Particular attention should be paid to cuttings.

A good prevention is to grow currants next to elderberries, which can repel many pests, as well as marigolds, marigolds and other flowers with a sour aroma. For the same purpose, onions or garlic are planted next to currant bushes.

Raspberry-strawberry weevil

The appearance of these pests can be noticed already in the spring, when young leaves are forming. After the buds form, weevils lay eggs at their bases. The larvae that appear over time penetrate the buds and destroy them from the inside.

Around June, the larvae pupate, from which bugs later emerge. During one season, two or three generations of pests parasitize. They damage berries, leaves and stems. Parasites overwinter under fallen leaves or in the upper layer of soil.

In the fight against the raspberry-strawberry weevil, you can use a simple method: at the end of winter, when the snow has not yet completely melted, the raspberry beds should be watered with water heated to 80 degrees.

This procedure will not damage the root, and the parasites overwintering in the top layer of soil will die. To ensure that these raspberry pests die in the spring, you need to spray the raspberry bushes before flowering with one of the preparations such as Iskra, Karbofos, Actellik or Confidor.

Signs of aphids on a tree

Infestation of a tree by aphids usually begins at the top, which is why the pest does not immediately detect its presence. However, when the parasite reaches the middle tier of the apple tree, it is no longer difficult to identify it.

Important! The aphid itself, due to its tiny size, is quite difficult to see on the back of the leaves, where it is usually found, but sticky spots and ant colonies are two sure signs that the apple tree has been infected by aphids.

Characteristic signs of aphids are:

the appearance on the leaves of a sticky substance similar to sugar syrup;
problems with the opening of buds during the flowering period;
deformation of the tops of young shoots (they look twisted and as if glued together);
the appearance of red spots on the leaf blades, similar to swollen burns;
rolling the leaves into a tube (subsequently the leaf plate turns black and dries out, since all the juice has been sucked out of it);
a huge number of ants scurrying around the tree.

A problem that accompanies the spread of aphids is sooty fungus, for which honeydew (honeydew) secreted by insects creates favorable conditions.

Raspberry bud moth

This pest damages early raspberry varieties. Caterpillars spend the winter in cracks in the bark of shoots or under fallen leaves. After the onset of spring, they pupate in places where they previously gnawed out the buds. Soon the pupae turn into dark brown butterflies, which begin to lay eggs in the flowers.

To get rid of raspberry bud moths, when cutting off old branches, you need to carefully ensure that old stumps do not remain. The most effective chemicals against raspberry pests of this type are Condidor, Iskra, Karbofos and Decis. Treatment should be carried out immediately after the buds swell.

Raspberry beetle

This pest is found in the soil during the cold season, but as soon as spring comes, it crawls to the surface. After the raspberry bush begins to bloom, the beetle eats both the flowers and the leaves. After saturation, the females begin to lay eggs.

Soon the larvae emerge from them. They gnaw through the berries and end up on the ground, after which they crawl into the depths of the soil. At the end of August, the larva turns into a beetle that will overwinter in the raspberry field. Next year it will begin to damage plants and multiply.

Many plant growers try to collect raspberry beetles even before the bushes begin to bloom. It is best to do this in the morning, since at this time of day, when it is still cool, the beetles are lethargic.

It is better to spray raspberries against pests of this type using preparations such as Iskra, Karbofos or Fosbecid. Processing must be carried out before the berries appear. Otherwise, they will not be eaten. In order for insects entrenched in the ground to die, you need to dig up the soil to a depth of 15 centimeters in the fall.

Leaf Eaters

Significant damage is caused by caterpillars and beetles that eat the green mass of garden crops. They can feed on buds, ovaries, foliage, buds and flowers. This type of pest includes copperheads, hawthorns, leaf rollers, lacewings, as well as the larval stage and caterpillars of winter moths, ringed silkworms, apple brooms and apple moths.

Apple flower beetle

This pest is a small black-brown bug. It has light stripes and an arched proboscis. The wintering place for this weevil is the folds of tree bark and

fallen leaves. With the beginning of spring, the flower beetle moves to a tree, where it begins to actively feed on buds. Females lay eggs directly into flower buds. The hatching larvae destroy the bud completely.

The flowers on the apple tree turn into dark caps glued together with excrement, which do not open and do not bloom.

The means of combating the apple blossom beetle is the method of cleaning old bark and using special catching belts. If there is a significant accumulation of the pest, treatment with 0.3% chlorophos can be used.

Upper fruit moth

The miniature butterfly is a very dangerous pest of fruit crops. The color of the narrow fore wings is light with a fringe border.

The caterpillar's habitat is the epidermis of the upper part of the leaf blade.

The result of eating away the palisade parenchyma is the formation of white and rounded mines on the leaf. Caterpillars can glue the upper leaf part and bend the leaf itself upward. The most effective method of control is the combination of organophosphorus preparations with biological products.

Winter moth

This reddish-gray butterfly belongs to the moth family. Oviposition occurs near the kidneys,

where the eggs overwinter. The hatching of caterpillars coincides with the awakening of flower buds. The caterpillar has a green head and a yellow-green body color. Its length is about 2 cm.

The winter moth caterpillar is very voracious and actively destroys first flower buds, and then the foliage of stone fruit and pome trees from spring until the end of June. Pupation occurs in the soil layers.

To destroy this pest, special trapping belts should be placed on the trunks before the butterflies begin to fly. In areas with massive accumulation, 25% embush can be used.

Moth-ripped off

The adult female is white with black dots. The main flights are from September to

mid-October inclusive. Females are able to crawl up apple tree trunks, where they lay eggs under the bud scales. The oviposition overwinters, and the caterpillars hatched in the spring destroy mainly flower buds.

The color of an adult caterpillar is brown or yellowish, with a characteristic yellow stripe on the side and several dark spots. Pupation occurs in June-July and occurs in the ground.

Effective methods of control are biological preparations and entomophages, trapping belts, as well as autumn tillage between rows.

Apple glass

A ubiquitous butterfly. The pest has a dark blue body. The span of transparent wings can reach 2 cm. Caterpillars I and II remain for the winter in the passages under the bark of trees.

ages. After feeding in the spring, they pupate, and the mass emergence of adults occurs in July.

Trees affected by this pest are distinguished by dark spots on dead bark and bright brown deposits of excrement. It is recommended to combat apple glass with the help of modern insecticides, as well as by coating the trunks of fruit trees with a composition of clay and mullein.

Leaf psyllid, or apple honeysuckle

The apple honeydew belongs to insects from the psyllid family. The adult has a yellowish-green body, no more than 3 mm long, and hopping hind legs. In autumn, some adults turn red. The yellow-orange larva turns green after the first molt. The habitat is the folds of young buds, which, along with the foliage, provide a food source for this pest.

Psyllids are very resistant to temperature changes and develop quickly.

The main methods of control are the method of fumigating trees with tobacco smoke and treating apple trees with 0.3% karbofos.

Hares

They harm young trees by eating the bark on trunks and branches, and gnawing low-lying branches. They damage apple trees more, pears and stone fruits less. They cause damage more often in snowy winters, when obtaining other food is difficult.

Fighting measures. Tying tree trunks in the fall with the same material as for voles. Fencing the garden with a metal mesh or fence.

Prevention of occurrence

It is very difficult to notice the appearance of the pest, since the caterpillars immediately hide inside the branches. Therefore, it is very important to take preventive measures for the appearance of glass:

Before planting new seedlings, be sure to inspect the planting material. It is better to destroy sick and questionable specimens to prevent infection of the entire garden;
Carry out preventive pruning of currants. If you find infected shoots, prune them back to clean wood. Burn diseased branches;
Inspect the bushes regularly throughout the season. Remove dried branches;
Plant nearby plants whose aroma repels glassworms. Among them are onions, garlic, marigolds, elderberries, tomatoes;
Do not plant currants, raspberries and gooseberries near bird cherry trees. Bird cherry attracts glassworts with its aroma;
Carry out preventive treatments with aromatic infusions and decoctions;
Starting in June, periodically treat shrubs with bioinsecticides. By destroying the butterflies, you will prevent the appearance of caterpillars.

What are the seasonal processing methods?

The type of measures depends on the stage of plant development. Consider which parasites and diseases are active during a certain period of the year, and use the appropriate method. Fighting methods are divided into three categories.

The first is agrotechnical measures that increase the productivity of the berry garden. The second is biological methods aimed at attracting predatory mammals, insects, and the use of drugs from pathogenic microorganisms. The third is chemical treatment using pesticides.

How to treat the plant in the fall?

At the end of the season, parasites seek shelter for the winter. The plant organism needs special protection. Processing in October-November:

How to deal with bugs in the summer?

In June-July, cut out damaged shoots entirely and burn them. When the plant has fully grown green mass, take measures against leaf-eating parasites (gall midges, beetles, mites). Treat against anthracnose, powdery mildew, and all types of spotting. In August-September, after picking the berries, spray the bush with systemic preparations Horus and Actellik.

Features of spring processing

In April, dig up the soil with a shovel full and remove the weeds. Spray the raspberries before the buds open at 12 degrees. Spray the preparations on the bushes and in the tree trunks.

What to do in the “green cone” stage:

Pay attention to the lower part of the sprouts up to 15 cm tall. They actively contact the ground and collect a maximum of parasites.

What to do in the “pink bud” stage when the petals fall:

Table No. 1. Protecting raspberries from insects

Parasite	Pesticides	Term	Biological products	Term
Weevil	Spark double effect, Emulsion of karbofos 0.3%, Inta-vir, Fufanon, Alatar KS, Kinmiks KS	Before flowering. August - after picking berries, during the development of a new generation of young individuals	Mospilan, Actofit, Lepidotsid	Vegetation
Raspberry black beetle	Karbofos emulsion 0.2%, Iskra double effect, Alatar KS 0.2%, Fufanon, Kinmiks KS	Before laying eggs. When protruding buds	Mospilan, Aktofit	Vegetation
Bud moth	Karbofos emulsion 0.3%, Iskra double effect, Kinmiks KS, Fufanon	Abundant irrigation in April before buds open. Work along the areas of the lower part of the shoots. When caterpillars migrate from wintering areas to swelling buds	Mospilan, Lepidotsid, Actofit	Vegetation
Gallica	Aktellik, Alatar, Spark double effect, Kinmiks CE, Fufanon	Flight, laying eggs	Aktofit, Fitoverm	Vegetation
Stem fly	Karbofos emulsion – 0.3%, Iskra double effect, Kinmiks KS, Fufanon	Before flowering, during the flight of flies, spray the soil and young shoots	Aktofit	Vegetation
scoop	Karbofos, Spark double effect, Inta vir, Fufanon, Actellik, Kinmiks KS	In May, preventive irrigation when leaves bloom. To eliminate caterpillars after picking berries	Mospilan, Lepidotsid	Vegetation
Spider mite	Colloidal sulfur 1-1.5%, Spark double effect, lime-gray decoction 0.5-1%, Fufanon, Karbofos emulsion 0.3%, Kinmiks KS, Metafos, Actellik	Before the buds open	Vermitek, Fitoverm	Vegetation
Aphid	Phosfamide emulsion 15%, Iskra double effect, Karbofos emulsion, Actellik 0.3%, Fufanon, Kinmiks KS	Development of larvae from eggs, infection of opening buds.	Mospilan, Aktofit, Fitoverm	Vegetation
Nitrafen solution 3%, DNOC solution 1%	Before buds open, in October after leaves fall			Vegetation
Glassware	Karbofos, Kinmiks KS, Iskra double effect	In the spring, before the buds open	Mospilan, Nemabact	Vegetation

Bush pruning

It is better to cut out severely affected currant, raspberry or gooseberry plants at the root and burn the branches. If black depressions are visible on the stumps that go down, the larva may have descended almost to ground level. It is advisable to uproot the currants and burn everything.

Slightly affected branches are cut back to healthy wood in the spring, before the buds awaken. If, after the leaves appear and flower, they quickly wither, such shoots must be cut off and burned. The cut areas are treated with garden varnish.

If necessary, pruning is repeated in the fall, after the leaves have dropped.

Apple red mite

Arm yourself with a magnifying glass and carefully examine the apple trees on a clear winter day. In the folds and forks of the branches and near the buds you can see the overwintering eggs of one of the most dangerous apple tree pests.

Small, reddish eggs. This is an apple mite.

The larvae awaken in the spring and begin their gluttonous work. After 20 days, adults emerge from them. Up to 5 generations of ticks can change during a season.

The adult insect loves to suck the juices from the leaves and buds of the apple tree, which leads to the death of the seedlings.

What to do. In early spring, if your garden is still young and the apple trees are not tall, before the buds open, pour boiling water over the areas where the mites accumulate. This procedure will kill most of the apple tree pests.

Please note that parasitic insects like to accumulate in the shade, on that part of the foliage that is not illuminated by the sun. Treating apple trees against pests with decoctions and infusions of certain plants helps

You need to spray trees with these products before and after flowering (carry out the procedures in the evenings every 10-14 days)

Treating apple trees against pests with decoctions and infusions of certain plants helps. You need to spray trees with these products before and after flowering (carry out the procedure in the evenings every 10-14 days).

All herbal medicines must be used freshly prepared. You need to dilute the product with water to a volume of 10 liters.

Onion peel. Pour boiling water (5-6 l) into half a bucket of husks. Let stand for 3 days. Strain.
Onion. Grind unpeeled onions (500 g) through a meat grinder. Then add warm water.
Horse sorrel. Finely chop the roots of the plant (300 g) and pour boiling water (5 l) over them. Leave for about 5 hours.
Garlic. Grind the garlic heads (600-700 g). Pour boiling water (5 l) over the mixture. Leave in a dark place for a couple of days.
Hot pepper. Chop a kilogram of pepper and boil in water (3 liters) for an hour and a half. Leave for about 48 hours. Then rub the pepper mixture, squeeze well and strain. You have a concentrate that needs to be bottled and stored in the dark and cool. To use, pepper solution (½ l) is diluted with water (10 l).

Herbal infusions are good in the fight against other pests of apple trees: thrips, aphids, scale insects, scale insects and whiteflies.

Parasites live in wood

The most dangerous representatives of tree pests that parasitize apple trees are bark beetles, mites and scale insects. It is these insects that are able to penetrate deep into the bark and infect the wood.

Brown fruit mite

It can damage any fruit trees, but the main food plant is the apple tree. The body of an adult is brown and 0.5 mm long. The tick moves using four pairs of legs. Lays very miniature and round red eggs. The active egg-laying period occurs in summer and autumn. The larvae hatch during bud break. Five generations develop per year.

Larvae and adults feed on the juice of buds and leaves, which as a result become covered with a dirty white coating and completely stop developing.

The main methods of control are spraying: in early spring with 1.5% DNOC, and during the growing season with 0.2% karbofos.

Common vole

Damages apple trees, less often pears and stone fruits. Voles eat the bark of the ground part of the trunks of young and old trees.

The body length of the vole is 9-13 cm, the tail is 3-4 cm. The head is blunt, with small ears. The fur is gray, lighter on the belly. It often inhabits places with thick grass or an abundance of weeds. Digs holes with many passages. Reproduces quickly: gives up to 8 litters per year (5-6 cubs each). In the fall, it moves closer to barns, human habitation, stacks of hay, straw, etc.

Control measures. Destroying weeds, catching voles with mousetraps, removing plant debris from the garden, digging up the soil. In snowy winters, after each snowfall, it is recommended to trample the snow around the tree trunks. Tying tree trunks in the fall with rags, roofing felt, mulch paper, etc. The lower end of the tying is fixed in the soil at a depth of 3-4 cm and sprinkled with earth, trampling it lightly. Often the trunks are tied with plastic film. The film protects the tree from voles, but before tying it, a peg is placed near the tree so that a layer of air remains between the film and the tree. Straw and weeds are not suitable for tying; they attract voles.

scoop

Raspberries are damaged only by some types of cutworms, the most common of which are the golden cutworm and the golden raspberry cutworm. The wingspan of these nocturnal butterflies reaches 3-3.5 cm. Damage to plants is caused by yellow-green or gray-brown pest caterpillars.

They appear in May and immediately begin to chew out buds and spoil young leaves. If plants are heavily infested with armyworms and without timely measures, one cannot expect a good harvest.

To get rid of these pests on raspberry leaves, you need to spray the raspberry bushes shortly before the leaves bloom. To do this, you can use the drug Actellik or Fufanon.