Drosophila fly. Lifestyle and habitat of the Drosophila fly

Many people suffer from fruit flies. Their presence is very annoying, although insects are not carriers of serious diseases and do not damage furniture or food. The fruit fly loves to feed on uneaten pieces of food. As soon as you leave them somewhere, a whole flock immediately gathers. Therefore, some people want to get rid of insects faster, since they have no place in their home.

What is the external structure and color

The fruit fly Drosophila does not exceed 3 mm in length. On the head there are eyes that are red in color. Chitinous bristles and plates are involved in flight. The head is spherical in shape. Since flies can be classified as members of the order Diptera, their front pairs of wings are membranous.

The color of the body is yellow-brown, with black stripes. If you compare a fly by gender, differences will be noticeable. Namely:

• males are smaller than females;
• males have a completely black tip of the abdomen, so you can easily determine the sex with a magnifying glass;
• in females, the abdomen is made in the shape of a circle, and the end is pointed, and males have a cylinder, and the end is blunt;
• males have a genital comb on the forelimbs.

What are the features of the life cycle

If conditions are favorable, the larva emerges from the egg one day after the female lays eggs. They grow in 5 days, molting occurs twice - one day after hatching and 48 hours later. Eggs and larvae can exist in a semi-liquid sphere because the fly lays them in rotten fruit.

First, the larvae swim on the surface, and before pupation they descend into the depths. During the active period of life they feed on fruit substances. After 5 days, the larva turns into a pupa. After another 5 days, an adult appears.

How long do they live?

To understand how long fruit flies live, it is necessary to study their life cycle. The adult often lays eggs in rotting fruit.

At an average ambient temperature of +25 degrees, within 10 days the eggs reach the adult stage. At temperatures below +18 degrees, the development of the larvae slows down by 2 times.

The average life cycle of Drosophila is 1 – 2 months. Life expectancy depends on external factors (environmental conditions). At high temperatures, the lifespan of a fly can be less than 1 month.

During their existence, females produce an average of 400 clutches of eggs measuring 0.5 mm. Under unfavorable environmental conditions, the number of eggs is significantly less. However, the shorter the life cycle of flies, the more offspring they try to produce.

What are the features of the genome

Flies are interesting for science. Their somatic cells contain 8 chromosomes. Because of this mutation there is great diversity. Flies are the most studied species in the world. The insect is widely used in genetics to look at the effects of different drugs.

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Behavioral genetics

Molecular biologist Seymour Benzer and his colleague Ron Konopka published a joint work, “The Drosophila Mutant Clock,” in the 1970s. In their work, scientists described a mutation in the first hours of life, which affected the behavior of the insect.

Unlike animals, the rhythm of life of fruit flies was very different. They could actively move or rest at any time interval. The research was carried out over 28 years. Over such a long period, biologists have proven that the mutation affects genes responsible for molecular and biochemical clocks. “Clock” cells that influence the activity of the pest are located in the central brain of the insect.

Where does the pest come from?

Eggs are laid on food. Laying is not uncommon in summer, as the eggs are resistant to all temperature changes. Doubling in number occurs at a high speed, so if you do not take methods to get rid of them, there will be a huge number of insects in the apartment. A pest may appear in an apartment due to the following reasons:

• together with vegetables and fruits, for example, a person bought them in a supermarket or harvested their own crops, and the larvae have already penetrated the food;
• the windows in the house are often open, and there are no mosquito nets on them;
• penetration along with soil that was taken from the street;
• entered the house together with pets who periodically walk outside.

The flies are so small that it is difficult to notice them on an animal or food.

Under certain conditions, the number of Drosophila flies increases rapidly. Namely:

1. Lack of indoor cleaning.
2. Dirty dishes. For example, if a person does not wash it right away and leaves it for a long time.
3. Presence of old tea leaves in the teapot.
4. Unfinished liquids – juice, carbonated drinks.
5. Insufficient care of house plants. For example, if a person constantly waters a flower, and it already contains a large amount of moisture.
6. Place tea leaves in a pot. Some people use this method for feeding. Subsequently, decay occurs and this leads to the appearance of pests.
7. Leftover food.
8. Storing food in non-refrigerated conditions.
9. A full trash can left for a long time.

What are some interesting facts related to insects?

There are many facts about the Drosophila fly. Namely:

1. The eye contains small optical units, about 760 of them. 1 is called ommadia. It contains 8 receptors that react to light. For example, when the light is bright, they extinguish it, and when it is weak, they intensify it. Due to this property, the fly sees perfectly in any weather conditions. Compared to other insects, the Drosophila's vision is considered the most developed.
2. During a flight, a fly can make up to 220 wing beats. This figure is the highest compared to other insects. However, the fly cannot be heard due to the special shape of the wings.
3. Insects are not harmful to humans.

What harm does an insect cause?

Flies are not dangerous to humans. But when they appear, people begin to get nervous. Although fruit flies do not suffer any serious diseases, they do not bite. The maximum possible harm from their presence is gastrointestinal upset. But the constant presence of flies in the field of view is annoying. They can eat fruits and vegetables in the house, making food unappealing. They also crawl on plates and throughout the living area.

It is not difficult to remove fruit flies, but it must be done on time.

Species of Drosophila fly

Today, there are 1,529 species of flies from the Drosophila family. Some of them are presented below.

1. Drosophila black. It is the most studied of the entire family of these flies. It has a yellow or brown color. The eyes are bright red. Body sizes range from 2 to 3 millimeters.

The larvae of the Drosophila fly of this species are white, but as they grow, they change their color. Females have dark stripes on their bellies, while males have one dark spot. During her life, the female is able to lay about 300 eggs.

In the photo there is a black Drosophila

2. Drosophila fruit. They feed mainly on juice from fruit plants; the larvae eat microorganisms. The dimensions of the chest vary from 2.5 to 3.5 millimeters. The wingspan is 5–6 millimeters. The central part of the back is yellowish-brown in color, the belly is yellow with brown spots, the chest is brownish-yellow or completely yellow.

The eyes are bright red. Males of this species have a small black spot at the bottom of their wings. The development of an individual occurs in the period from 9 to 27 days; during one season of the year, about 13 generations grow. Females of this species are much larger than males.

In the photo, Drosophila fruit fly

3. Drosophila does not fly. Among other individuals, they are distinguished by their inability to fly, since they have underdeveloped wings and are able to move by crawling or jumping. This species was not obtained naturally, but as a result of crossing Drosophila flies of other species.

It is distinguished by its larger size, about 3 millimeters, and a longer life cycle - it can reach 1 month. They feed on rotting fruits and vegetables.

The Drosophila in the photo is not flying.

4. Drosophila is large. They live in rooms where there are a lot of rotting fruits, the juice from which they feed. It measures from 3 to 4 millimeters. The color is light or dark brown. The color of the head is yellowish-brown.

The photo shows a large Drosophila

The lifespan is slightly more than one month. Females in the process of life are able to lay from 100 to 150 eggs. This type of fruit fly can be found all year round. Scientists have spent much more time studying the above species of flies.

What are the control measures?

You should not immediately run to the store for household chemicals. The flies will disappear if you reconsider some points. Most often, they appear and multiply due to the fault of the owners of the home. Basic rules for fighting:

• find the place of maximum accumulation of pests;
• remove conditions for normal living, for example, throw out garbage or food, wash dishes, and so on;
• if you managed to catch the flies, then destroy them;
• think about prevention.

Traps

Exterminators do not recommend using chemicals immediately. You can make a trap yourself. This is easy and quick to do. Popular types of traps are presented in the table.

Traditional methods

There are folk remedies that repel pests. Namely:

• camphor;
• aroma lamp with oils, and especially flies do not like the smell of pine needles, lavender, citrus fruits;
• dry plants - lavender, tansy, wormwood;
• candles with pine needles.

Aerosols

If all of the above methods are not effective, to combat fruit flies in the apartment, the use of such means as aerosols is allowed. This method helps when there are a large number of flies. Those aerosols that are used against other pests are suitable. The use of Dichlorvos, Combat, Raptor will be effective.

Before spraying fruit fly repellent, you must put on a protective suit and ensure that all windows and doors are closed. Pets and children should not be in the home. After spraying, hands should be washed thoroughly with soap. Since aerosols affect humans, it is necessary to leave the room for a while.

Attention! The instructions for use of the product indicate the time after which you need to open the windows in the room.

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Low et al 2007[edit]

• Low, Wai Yi; Ng, Hoi Ling; Morton, Craig J.; Parker, Michael W.; Batterham, Philip; Robin, Charles (2007). "Molecular evolution of glutathione S-transferases in the genus Drosophila". Genetics
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1. ^ab "We propose that the parallel evolution observed at this site is an adaptive response to an environmental toxin and that the sequence of historical alleles suggests that this toxin was not a synthetic insecticide."
2. ^ ab "Lines from Kazakhstan, Sweden, Ukraine and one of the US lines were collected before 1940 and therefore represent pre-DDT lines."
3. ^ab "From these sequences, all D. melanogaster contain a lysine at residue 171 of GSTD1, and all D. simulans lineages contain glycine. This indicates that K171 in D. melanogaster is likely to be established in populations worldwide. Among these alleles, 4 were derived from lines collected prior to DDT use, making it unlikely that the G171K change occurred in response to DDT selection. In addition, four pre-DDT alleles have the same amino acid sequence as the GstD1 allele, which has DDT activity. , suggesting that DDTase activity precedes DDT."

What kind of prevention

Using preventive measures, you can prevent Drosophila flies from entering your home. It is necessary to keep the house clean and store food in the refrigerator. Other rules:

• wash dishes in a timely manner;
• to take out the trash;
• wring out rags;

• remove spoiled and rotten food;
• take care of plants in a timely manner;
• If you have pets, clean up after them - clean the tray and food bowls.

Drosophila do not harm the person himself. But people get stressed when they see them. If flies enter the house, there is no need to put off fighting them. It’s better to prevent their occurrence by following preventive measures.