Gourmet pest pea weevil: how to protect plantings

Every gardener who grows peas on his plot is likely to encounter such a common pest as bruchus. It is also sometimes called pea weevil, emphasizing the beetle’s love for this crop. The main damage is caused by the larvae that feed on nutritious beans (plants), while adults prefer flower pollen. A sure sign of the “work” of the bruchus is the small holes in the pea fruits that appear during storage.

Why is it dangerous?

Insect activity begins with the first warm days. Newly hatched butterflies are very voracious: before laying eggs, they manage to damage young shoots of peas and lentils, disrupting their growth and stopping the development of buds. With severe infection, the number of fruit ovaries is significantly reduced.

The main enemy of legumes is the larvae of the pea codling moth. They eat the peas, leaving their excrement and web fragments inside. Spoiled beans are not suitable for food, nor are they used for sowing. If the field is significantly infested, up to 40% of the beans are damaged, which greatly affects the germination of the seed.

Expert opinion Stefania Pavlovna Mityuk

Most often, peas, beans and lentils, as well as forage crops from the legume family: vetch (mouse peas), china, suffer from codling moth attacks. Insects also attack wild species: meadow chin, yellow acacia, broom.

Life of Bruchus

Bruchus is a beetle whose historical homeland was southern countries with a warm climate. But today it is a cosmopolitan insect that has successfully spread to areas around the world where its favorite food, peas, is grown. Its habitat has changed, according to biologists, due to human activity, which transported bruchus from continent to continent along with legume supplies.

This species can be called “monogamous” in the choice of food, although they also spread over territories with reserves of crops similar to peas: beans, vetch, chickpeas, lentils, beans, etc. But Bruchus females never lay their larvae, which feed on fruits; on these plants. Therefore, other legumes, unlike peas, are not threatened by this pest.

Wintering

Bruchus, due to its southern origin, has difficulty withstanding winter frosts. In central Russia and neighboring countries, larvae and beetles wait out unfavorable weather in insulated barns, warehouses, and granaries, waiting for the spring sun to warm up the air. They hide in nooks, crevices of the floor or walls.

In regions with warmer climates, the picture is different: beetles leave peas already in the autumn months. To survive the winter, bruchus chooses fallen leaves, hay and straw for shelter. Some individuals even go straight to the pea fields, escaping from the cold in the plant debris left after the harvest.

A new stage in the life of Bruchus begins at the end of April-May, when the beetles leave their shelters, scattering around the area. They prefer areas well illuminated by sunlight: gardens, fields, vegetable gardens, forest belts. Only part of the pest ends up in areas where peas are grown, along with planting material: most insects flock here in search of food after wintering. Bruchus feed on pollen and particles of pea flower petals.

Pea weevil is very sensitive to bad weather. She tries to climb inside the flower, where the wind will not disturb her.

Bruchus are very heat-loving creatures. Therefore, they are especially active in hot and sunny weather. If it starts to rain, they hide from the weather between the leaves and petals and wait for the precipitation to end.

The lifespan of a pea grain depends on the climatic conditions of the region. So, in the southern regions it lives up to 3 years, and in the northern latitudes this figure does not exceed 1 year, because it is very difficult for individuals to survive frosts.

Reproduction

In regions with a warm climate, the time for female Bruchus to lay eggs begins in June. In temperate and northern latitudes this period is pushed back approximately a month later. To create a clutch, the pea weevil tries to select the largest plants, with well-developed stems that stretch in height.

Beetles often fly 3 km in search of peas.

The larvae hatch from the egg 8 to 12 days after the clutch is laid.

Bruchus are very prolific. The female is capable of laying 70–200 eggs over the summer. On one plant their number can reach 35, but when the larvae are born, each of them occupies a separate bean.

Bruchus larva

Bruchus on peas causes damage to plantings, being in a larval state. In the first cycles of its development, it has a reddish body with three pairs of legs. There is a pattern on it that looks like the letter “H”. As it approaches the pupal stage, which is accompanied by molting, the larva takes on a thick and curved shape, and its body becomes a white-cream hue.

Bruchus larvae prefer mature and dried pea seeds. This is typical for most pests that attack legume plantings.

The intensively growing larva requires peas for nutrition. It eats away its cotyledons, eventually growing up to 6 mm in length. When the future bruchus leaves its nutrient-rich shelter directly depends on the climatic conditions of the environment. In the southern regions, soon after the cessation of development, the larva leaves the pea grain in the form of an adult, while in areas with cold climates it remains to winter in it in order to protect itself from destructive frosts. Such foresight ensures not only excellent survival of Bruchus larvae and an increase in population, but also extensive dispersal into nearby territories, where it is introduced along with peas.

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Inside the beans, the larva receives what it needs for development: shelter from external dangers and food. The entire cycle of transformation to an adult takes place in peas. During this time, the larvae manage to molt several times. When the time comes to transform into a pupa, they gnaw through the bean, leaving the last obstacle - the pea shell. The entire development of the larva takes approximately 1.5 months.

Bruchus pupa and imago

The size of the pupa does not differ from the adult larva – 0.5–0.6 mm. In appearance, it is already completely similar to the imago - the final stage of development, but continues to be in a pea. It will take her three weeks to be reborn into an adult.

Under favorable conditions, adult individuals leave their temporary home in mid-August or autumn. To do this, the beetle gnaws through the shell of the pea, leaving a hole in it, which later turns black. Its diameter is only 0.3 mm.

If the bruchus senses the approach of cold weather, then it remains in its shelter to spend the winter.

Development

. Beetles hibernate. In the south, a significant part of them winter outside of granaries - in stacks of straw, among plant debris, under the bark of trees, etc. Inside granaries during warm winters, as well as in heated rooms, most beetles leave the grains and overwinter in various crevices, among heaps of peas, etc. Overwintered beetles appear in the spring (usually in May) in various stages, well heated by the sun - in gardens, on flowering bird cherry trees (along the edges of forest belts), weeds, ditches, etc. They partially enter pea crops with seeds, but most beetles fly to the fields from wintering areas, including last year's pea fields, where the beetles could overwinter in carrion and plant debris.

The colonization of crops begins at an air temperature of + 20 - + 22°C. Subsequently, under favorable weather conditions (temperatures +20-+29°C and relative air humidity 55-62%) and the availability of effective feed (pea pollen), the number of pests increases.

Beetles become noticeable during pea flowering - In the southern regions of Russia and Ukraine at the end of May or beginning of June. The emergence of peas occurs most rapidly at a temperature of 26-28 °C, more extensively at 20 °C and weakly at 15-16 °C and below.

High humidity accelerates the emergence of beetles from grains. They are concentrated in large numbers on the marginal plants of large areas. On plants, beetles hide between young leaves folded along the midrib, where they sometimes gnaw out small holes. During the flowering period of peas, beetles are more often found in flowers, where they feed on pollen and petals. Active in hot weather, on cloudy days, as well as in the morning and evening, they hide in pea flowers or between folded young leaves. Fields usually begin to be populated from the edges and then gradually spread over the entire area.

During her life, the female lays up to 222 eggs, and according to foreign authors, up to 740.

. After exiting, it immediately bites into the wall of the bean and through the gnawed hole penetrates into its middle. Being inside the bean, it soon bites into the tissue of the green, often underdeveloped grain, where full development subsequently occurs and a new generation of beetles is hatched. The entrance hole in the shell soon becomes overgrown and is noticeable in the form of a small black dot in ripened grains. Although several can penetrate the grain, in the future (with rare exceptions) only one remains, the rest die. In the forest-steppe zone (Kiev region), development lasts 36-37 - 25 days; in the steppe (Dnepropetrovsk region) - 29-36, pronymphs and - 13-18 days.

In the conditions of the Siberian population, only a part turn into beetles in the fall; the remaining ones overwinter and complete development in the spring of next year.

. Hatching of beetles begins in mid-August or in spring at the end of May.

Most of the beetles that hatch in the fall end up in granaries along with the peas, and some overwinter in natural conditions. The spring generation accumulates on wild early flowering plants (great plantain, dandelion, shepherd's purse, strawberry) and receives additional nutrition before moving to the main food plant.

. Under natural conditions, development stops at a temperature of 10-12 °C; the optimal temperature is 26-28 °C. The sum of effective temperatures required for the complete development cycle of the grain is 516-640 °C. During the normal harvesting period of peas (in July), only beetles are observed in the grains; in August, beetles are usually observed.

The pea grain and its pre-imaginal phases tolerate low temperatures quite well and do not die when overwintered in cold storage or in nature.

Treatment of legumes against pea codling moth

As can be seen in the photo, this pest of legumes is a dark gray butterfly with a wingspan of 11-16 mm. Its hind wings are brownish with a grayish tint along the edge. The egg is 0.7-0.8 mm in size, flattened, oval, white. The caterpillar is 12-13 mm long, green and white. The pupa is 6-8 mm in size, brown, in an oval cocoon. The pest damages peas and lentils.

Overwintering of caterpillars that have completed their development takes place in the soil, at a depth of 3-5 cm, in dense silky cocoons with glued soil particles. After wintering, the caterpillars leave cocoons and rise to the upper layers of the soil, where they begin to weave new cocoons, in which they pupate in April. Pupal development occurs within 11-18 days. On peas, butterflies appear during the budding period, and the beginning of the mass emergence coincides with the flowering of the plants. The flight continues in the second half of June - July.

Females require additional nutrition, so they begin to lay eggs only after 5-13 days, placing them on the underside of leaves, stipules, flower calyxes, and sometimes on stems, pedicels and petioles. After rebirth, the caterpillars gnaw holes in the valve of the young bean and penetrate inside through it. First, they make holes in the walls of the bean, then feed on the contents of the cotyledons. Each caterpillar is capable of destroying up to four grains. The development of the caterpillar occurs in one bean. When the grain ripens, the caterpillars finish feeding, gnaw a hole in the bean valve, through which they emerge and move into the soil to form a hibernating cocoon.

To protect plants from the pea codling moth, it is necessary to timely harvest and thresh grain legumes. When treating peas for pests, it is recommended to spray the plants with a decoction of wormwood, tansy and capsicum. To prepare it, you need to pour 200 g of crushed wormwood herb, 100 g of dry crushed tansy herb and 600 g of finely chopped hot peppers into 10 liters of water, boil for 45 minutes, cool, strain. Spraying is carried out in the evening 1-2 times a week. The procedure should be stopped 2 weeks before harvest.

Ways to get rid of weevils

The weevil can enter an apartment along with a package of flour or grain, which was stored in warehouses for a long time and then went on sale. If at least one beetle is accidentally discovered in the kitchen, there is already a whole colony of them somewhere and you need to urgently decide how to get rid of the pests. You need to start fighting the beetle immediately, before it destroys all supplies.

The granary weevil is one of the most dangerous pests of grain stocks

The fight against weevils is carried out according to a simple scheme of actions:

It is necessary to check all stocks of bulk products - cereals, pasta, flour, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, etc. Products that have been heavily infested should be thrown away without regret, since the secretions of these beetles and their larvae can cause serious harm to human health . Grains and products in which the weevil was not found, and all recently purchased ones, should be placed in the freezer for several days. Cold effectively helps fight weevils. These insects are heat-loving; at +5°C they fall into torpor, and at -5°C the beetles and larvae die within a few days. Another means of combating weevils is heat. This beetle can withstand temperatures of +40°C for no more than two days, and at higher temperatures it dies in a few hours. Products that require preventive heating are placed in the oven and kept there at a temperature of 50-60°C for 6 hours. This will get rid of the beetles and their larvae. After treatment with cold or heat, the products must be poured into hermetically sealed glass or plastic containers into which the pest cannot penetrate. Garlic is often used as a folk remedy to repel weevils. A few cloves are placed in each container of cereals or pasta.

It is important that the garlic cloves are well peeled, but the pulp is not damaged - damaged cloves quickly give off their smell to the grain and rot themselves. The same thing happens if you cut garlic cloves into slices.

An intact clove retains its repellent odor for a long time and does not rot. For preventive purposes, all furniture where food is stored is thoroughly cleaned from time to time using a soap solution, and then washed off with water to which a little vinegar is added. After cleaning, the furniture is dried and ventilated. To repel insects, strong-smelling lavender flowers and bay leaves are placed in cabinets and on shelves.

Detection of pests and control of them will be easier if you follow the rule - avoid creating abundant stocks, which will be stored for a long time without movement, becoming a comfortable habitat for beetles. It is easier to remove beetles when stocks are compact.

The question of how to deal with weevils in grain is faced by everyone who grows and stores cereals. This insect was known back in ancient Egypt.

Bean anthracnose

Anthracnose of beans
The fungus affects all above-ground parts of beans during the entire growing season. But the disease is most dangerous during germination and during the formation of young beans.

The primary source of the disease is infected seeds, in the shell and cotyledons of which the mycelium overwinters. The fungus also overwinters in plant debris. Sown infected seeds either rot or produce weak, diseased seedlings. Brown-red spots form on the cotyledons of the seedlings. In humid weather, reddish conidiophore pads with conidial spores appear on spots of diseased tissue. From the cotyledon, the disease spreads to the subcotyledon, where it appears in the form of brown stripes. The stems rot and the seedlings die.

Diseased seedlings are the primary focus of the disease, from which spores spread to healthy plants. On the leaves, the veins on the underside first become diseased and they turn brown. The tissue adjacent to the diseased veins dries out and falls out, holes form in the leaves. Dark brown depressed stripes appear on the stems and petioles of leaves. Rusty-red spots appear on the bean flaps, the tissue on the spots deepens, the spots take the form of rounded ulcers. Orange slimy clusters of spores appear in the center of the spots on the beans (and cotyledons). From the bean valves, the mycelium penetrates into the seeds, forming on them the same round spots as on the bean valves. The seeds remain puny and have low germination. The development of the disease is favored by wet weather with rain. In dry weather the disease does not develop. The mushroom can be stored in seeds for up to 7 years.

Measures to combat bean anthrocnose

• Collecting seeds from healthy beans is the most reliable way to obtain healthy seeds (the mycelium penetrates deep into the seed tissue).
• Sowing seeds in well-warmed soil, preferably in well-ventilated areas.
• Application of potash, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers.
• Destruction of plant residues after harvesting. Deep digging of the soil.
• Spraying seedlings and young plants with 1% Bordeaux mixture for preventive purposes.

Control measures

In field:

Chemical method of control

. The main way to fight is to use. Pea crops (seed and forage) are treated at the beginning of a single flowering and again after 8-10 days. If seed grain damage is up to 0.5%, it is recommended to treat only the edge strips of pea fields in three periods: in the phase of formation of tendrils, at the beginning of flowering and after 7-10 days.

Agrotechnical methods of control

. Possible early sowing of peas; the use of resistant pea varieties that are less damaged by weevils than yellow pea varieties; possible early harvesting and threshing of peas; peeling of stubble after harvesting and deep autumn plowing, making it difficult for beetles to escape from the carrion; Thorough cleaning of threshing areas from plant residues. (?)

Effective protection measures

Taking into account the development and lifestyle characteristics of the pea weevil, to effectively protect pea crops, it is necessary to apply a complex of organizational, economic, agrotechnical, chemical and biological measures.

Compliance with crop rotation and the cultivation of resistant green-grain pea varieties, which are less damaged by grains than yellow-grain ones, are of great protective importance. The presence of phacelia crops around a pea field contributes to the accumulation of effective parasites of many pests

During the period of bud formation on a crop, when the number of pea grains in its crops is above the threshold level, insecticides should be used. The economic threshold for the harmfulness of Bruchus, according to the literature, is 2 beetles per 1 m2 of crop or 15-20 beetles per 100 strokes of an entomological net. According to the “List of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use in Ukraine” (2016), Agrostak Bio, KE (0.15 l/ha), Aktara 240 SC, k.s. are effective against this pest. (0.11 l/ha), Aktara 25 WG, v.g. (0.1 kg/ha), Accent, k.e. (0.5-1 l/ha), Altex, CE (0.15-0.25 l/ha), Antigusin, KS (0.15 l/ha), Armet, KS (0.15 l/ha) , Molniya, EC (0.15-0.165 l/ha), Decis Profi 25 WG, VG (0.04-0.07 kg/ha), Decis f-Lux 25 EC, EC (0.4-0.7 l/ha), Douglas, CE (1 l/ha), Engio 247 SC, k.s. (0.18 l/ha), Karate 050 EC, e.g. (0.125 l/ha), Karate Zeon 050 CS, e.g. (0.125 l/ha), Connect 112.5 SC, KS (0.4-0.5 l/ha), Sirocco, CE (0.5-1 l/ha), Fascord, CE (0.1 l/ha ha), Fastak, k.e. (0.25 l/ha), Fufanon 570, EC (0.5-1.2 l/ha), Fury, c.u. (0.07-0.1 l/ha). If necessary, crop treatment is repeated after seven to eight days. The use of young green peas is prohibited if Aktara 25 WG has been used. Since the pea grain is concentrated to a greater extent in marginal strips 70-100 m wide, edge tillage of fields is advisable. When harvesting in an early and short time, the number of grains in which the pest is able to develop to the adult stage and then successfully overwinter in natural conditions decreases. One of the preventive measures to combat pea weevil is to thoroughly clean the threshing areas of plant residues. Pea straw, straw, and oat and bean hay should be used before beetle season. The shortfall in pea grain yield from weevil on large areas is significantly less than on small ones. Despite this, it may be advisable to create early bait crops, which can effectively control the pest in small areas. Pea grains, heavily populated with Bruchus, are fumigated. Before this, unloaded warehouse premises should be treated wet or aerosol using Actellik 500 EC, KE, Actual, KE, Karate 050 EC, K. E., K-Obiol ULV6, UR, K-Obiol 25 EC, KE, Space 420, k. e., Reldan 22 EC, KE, Fastak, k. e., or fumigate them with Alfos, Alufos, Heliophos, Dakfosal, Foxy, Fosminium, Phosphire. It is also recommended to treat the area around the warehouse using a wet method, using some of the above-mentioned preparations. All these measures are applied in accordance with the requirements of the relevant instructions. With the help of Alufos, Heliophos, Grainfos, Gin, Selfos, Tofos, Fosminium, according to the instructions, fumigation of grain in bulk is also carried out. Treated products can be sold 20 days after fumigation.

M. Krut, Ph.D. biol. Sciences (PhD), Institute of Plant Protection NAAS

Magazine “Proposition”, No. 7-8, 2022

Effective measures to combat a dangerous pest

In order to protect legume plants from bean weevil and get a good harvest, it is necessary to carry out preventive measures in a timely manner, and, if necessary, correctly apply measures to combat this harmful insect. If you do not do this work, you can lose more than half of the legume crop.

All available measures for the destruction of bean weevil can be divided into measures applied:

• in field;
• in storage facilities.

Ways to fight on the field

The main way to combat the pest in the field should be the use of insecticides, as well as compliance with agrotechnical rules. These include:

1. careful selection of material not contaminated with weevil for planting;
2. timely harvesting to prevent fruit cracking;
3. at the beginning of fruit formation - the use of insecticides.

Insecticides are chemical agents used against crop pests, created to preserve crops. There are many drugs that are effective for controlling bean weevil in the field.

Treatment of leguminous plants usually occurs 2 times, the last treatment should be carried out 20–25 days before harvest.

Now we should name some insecticides that have been successfully used to combat this harmful beetle:

1. "Arrivo", made in the USA. The product is applied during the maximum concentration of pests on the field. Consumption – 300 liters of working fluid per hectare.
2. "Fastak", made in Switzerland. The drug is advisable when the first signs of crop colonization by a harmful beetle appear. Consumption – 200–400 liters of working fluid per hectare.
3. "Aktara", made in Switzerland. The product is effective at any time. Consumption – 400–500 l per hectare.

These chemicals are usually resistant to rain wash-off, thermal effects, and are non-toxic to people and animals when the specified proportions are observed.

The meadow moth eats more than 200 species of plants. I distinguish two varieties of Swedish fly - barley and oat. You will find a description of the insect here.

The shape of cabbage bug eggs resembles a barrel. You will find a detailed description of the pest and methods of combating it at this https://stopvreditel.ru/rastenij/selxoz/kapustnyj-klop.html link.

Ways to fight in storage facilities

There are 4 main ways to control pests in a storage facility, this also includes storage at home:

• warming up;
• freezing;
• treatment with insecticides (mainly large volumes in storage);
• fumigation of fruits (in storage facilities).

The bean grain located in the beans is completely destroyed when the temperature is created

+60 degrees for 50–60 minutes. At home, the harvest can be kept in the oven for the required time.

Freezing on an industrial scale is ensured by keeping the harvested crop in dry refrigeration chambers. At low temperatures (at -10 degrees), pests die. At home, the fruits should be placed in the freezer for 3-4 days.

After harvesting, the fruits should be well ventilated.

Fumigation and insecticide treatment are not carried out at home. Fumigation is the treatment of pests with a chemical in gaseous form. The storage room for fruits or the harvest itself can be treated.

Prevention is the best medicine

For preventive purposes it is necessary to:

• proper storage preparation;
• inspection of all objects for pest infestation;
• constant monitoring of insect infestation.

Thus, in order to obtain and maintain a good harvest of legumes, both on an industrial scale and at home, it is necessary to promptly detect the main pest of this crop - the bean weevil - and take the right measures to combat it.

Pea pests and how to deal with them

Agronomists are unanimous in their opinion that pests can reduce the amount of harvest, degrade its taste and create storage problems. Agricultural techniques against pests will help you grow a rich harvest.

It is important to protect the plant in time and insure against insect attacks in the future. Every gardener should know about the principles of struggle

There are safe ways to treat peas against diseases in order to save the crop. If none of the methods helps, insects can be destroyed using chemicals. The method is selected based on the types of pests; protective and destructive agents are selected for each type. You can check for the presence of insects with a solution of table salt. If you soak an infected seed in it, larvae will float to the surface.

Pea weevil

On crops, young beetles appear at the beginning of flowering. Light yellow caterpillars gnaw through the bean flap and penetrate the pea. The main source of infection is seeds. Control measures:

• Carbonation of peas. This type of disarmament is carried out after harvesting. In this way, the seed fund is prepared.
• Treatment of seeds with Hexachlorane. The insecticide kills the weevil by its action. The procedure is carried out in spring or autumn.
• Spraying crops. The plant is pollinated with a 2.5% Metaphos solution 2 weeks before harvest.

Pea moth

Butterflies of the leaf roller family appear on crops during the budding period. The caterpillars that have bred during flowering penetrate inside the young pea and feed on the contents. There are two methods of control - biological and chemical:

1. During the egg-laying period, a lab-grown Trichogramma insect is released onto the crops.
2. The chemical method consists of spraying flowering peas with Chlorophos.

Spraying Trichogramma is an absolutely harmless biological method for humans and the environment.

Tuberous weevil

These insects are active in the spring. Individuals of several generations overwinter in remains or seed. The pest feeds on young shoots of peas and is capable of destroying plantations even at night. In addition to mechanical damage, infections are added and productivity decreases. Salvation from weevils will be treating the soil with insecticides Iskra, Diazinon, Lepidocid.

Pea aphid

The harmful insect is green in color, thanks to which it is well camouflaged inside the bush. It causes the greatest damage to the plant during budding and feeds on pollen. It is a carrier of viral diseases. Measures against aphid pests include weed control, soil loosening, artificial irrigation.

Legume or acacia moth

One of the most dangerous pests of legumes. Adults overwinter in the soil and emerge to the surface in the spring. Caterpillars infect peas, after which the latter lose their marketable value and germination capacity. You can resist insects in the following ways:

• Plow the soil deeply - this measure prevents the flight of butterflies.
• Provide spatial isolation. Do not plant beans near acacia trees.
• Spray the plant with chemical insecticides or biological pesticides.

chickpea fly

The pest larvae overwinter in the soil and appear as flies in the spring. The female lays eggs on the leaves (mines). Damaged greenery gradually dies off. The fight against flies consists of agricultural techniques: plowing the soil, killing weeds, treating with Chlorophos or Metaphos.

Pests

Most often, vegetable growers are concerned about pea pests, which prevent the bushes from growing and developing normally. If insects on seedlings are not detected in a timely manner, the seedlings will gradually die and it will not be possible to harvest from them. Therefore, it is recommended to familiarize yourself in advance with the most common pests and measures to combat them in order to promptly identify harmful insects on the bushes and get rid of them.

Pea aphid

Pea plants often suffer from aphids, which quickly spread to most of the bushes on the site. It is quite easy to identify this insect, since the pea aphid is considered the largest pest. Its dimensions are about 5 mm, and its wingspan is 10–12 mm.

Harmful insects seriously damage plants, especially in dry weather. They feed on pea juice and leave small wounds on the surface of the leaves, in which fungal diseases gradually develop. Aphids often attack peas during budding, causing the plant to weaken.

To get rid of the pest, all bushes are treated with special means. To combat aphids, drugs such as Fastak or Iskra are used.

Pea weevil

Caryopsis or bruchus is found quite often on peas. This insect is widespread in most countries. However, plants growing in America, Africa, Asia and Europe most often suffer from the effects of this pest. In our country, the weevil appears on bushes only during severe drought and in the complete absence of rain.

Peas suffer from weevil when the seedlings flower. The pest penetrates the flowers of the plant and feeds on its pollen. The insect must be dealt with immediately, as it spreads to all pea bushes within 5–6 days. To quickly get rid of pests on seedlings, you will have to treat them with a solution of table salt.

Pea moth

This insect often appears on pea bushes and feeds on its leaves. The insect is quite large, as its wingspan is 15 mm. When it comes into contact with plants, the female lays eggs on the leaves. The eggs laid on the leaves are oval in shape and are about 1 mm long. Over time, light yellow caterpillars emerge from the eggs and grow up to 10 mm in length. If you do not get rid of insects in a timely manner, the deposited larvae completely eat up all the leaves.

When fighting a pest, mineral and organic fertilizers are added to the soil to make the plant stronger. Spraying is also carried out with a preparation made from tobacco, ash and celandine.

Nodule weevils

Nodule weevils often appear on legumes to feed on their leaves. They attack plants in the first days of spring to recover from the hungry days of winter.

To identify this pest, you will have to pay attention to the condition of the bushes. After the insect appears, gnawed areas appear on the leaves of the plant.

On the first day there will not be many such areas. However, over time, the leaves will begin to disappear completely, since the weevil can eat 1–2 cm of leaf per day.

It is recommended to get rid of the weevil pest as soon as it appears. To do this, all pea bushes are treated with ash, tobacco dust and other repellents.

Colorado beetle

Another pest that damages many different plants is the Colorado potato beetle. It is very easy to notice this beetle on the bushes, since it has a bright yolk color that stands out against the background of green leaves. When caught on bushes, adults lay eggs, which begin to feed on the leaves. If eggs are found on the leaves, you should immediately get rid of them and treat the bushes with protective agents against pests.

Umbrella psyllid

The psyllid is a small yellow insect that often appears on pea bushes. Such pests immediately penetrate the leaf tissues and feed on them. Because of this, the leaves stop growing, gradually become deformed and dry out.

If you do not get rid of the psyllid, the bushes will dry out and also stop growing. Therefore, after the appearance of an insect, it is recommended to immediately treat the bushes with ash or celandine.

Pea cutworm

Not only peas, but also many other plants suffer from pea cutworm. This butterfly is distinguished by its size, which with a wingspan reaches about 30–35 mm. When they land on plants, the adults lay larvae on the leaves, feeding on the pea juice.

To combat insects, biological products and insecticides are used, which will quickly clear the seedlings of pests.

Pea pests: effective methods of control

Long, climbing plants with delicate leaves and flowers from the legume family. A very common crop in fields and gardens. Not particularly capricious, but the crop may suffer from pests. Summer residents usually do not allocate much space for this plant, and it is in vain.

Microorganisms that appear in tubers on pea roots absorb nitrogen compounds from the air. Thanks to this, it can grow well in poor soil, and when it dies, it can enrich it with nitrogen. This is an effective remedy for tired soil.

Who can harm this culture?

Having planted a significant amount of this plant on your plot, you need to prepare to protect your harvest from uninvited guests and be fully armed.

Pea moth or leaf roller

This is the number one enemy of peas. Caterpillars overwintering in the ground appear on the surface already in the form of butterflies during the flowering period. Each of them can lay offspring as many as two hundred individuals. It lays anywhere, on stems, leaves, pods. After about a week, the offspring appear. The caterpillars crawl into the best pods and begin to eat the peas, leaving wormholes.

Individual codling moths also do not like celandine infusion. Garlic is also unbearable for them.

The composition is not harmful, you can spray it many times, and you don’t have to wait for the pest to appear, but carry out prevention on time. Carry out the work in the evening.

Nodule weevils

Insects also overwinter in the soil, only in the stage of adult beetles. They are activated in the spring, in the upper layer of the earth they eat any perennial legumes, as soon as they smell peas nearby, they immediately fly to it. They lay large numbers of their larvae, which eat pea nodules and roots. This harms not only the plant, but also the subsequent mineralization of the soil layer.

The main thing is to prevent the insect from approaching your crops, otherwise you will have to poison it with serious chemicals. Wood ash, tobacco dust, and dust from dried marigold flowers will help repel. Along the perimeter of the crops, you can treat them with garlic tincture, described in the first case.

How to Preserve Green Beans

Green beans have a special taste and delicate aroma. If you want to preserve the delicate spring flavor of young beans, you can simply freeze them.

To freeze, you need to take fresh, just picked pods. Green bean pods should be thoroughly washed and the tails cut off. You also need to cut out all the black spots and damage on the surface of the pod. If you cut the beans into small pieces before cooking, do so. Bean pods can be frozen whole without cutting.

Then the beans need to be blanched. Place the beans in boiling water for three minutes and place a large cup of ice next to them. When the three minutes are up, remove the beans from the boiling water and plunge into ice water. This method of processing beans will preserve maximum beneficial properties and taste.

Beans must be thoroughly dried before freezing. Place the processed bean pieces on a clean napkin and allow excess water to drain. Otherwise, ice crystals will form on the beans, which will deprive the green beans of their special flavor. After drying, distribute the pods into bags so that if necessary, take only one portion and do not defrost the excess.

Beans are a tasty and nutritious product that is used in many dishes. Vegetarians cannot imagine life without beans, because these beans can be compared with meat in terms of the amount of protein. Regular consumption of beans helps improve the functioning of the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system. If you eat beans often, you won't be afraid of plaque and tartar. Plant and grow beans, protect the crop from bugs, and then you can enjoy the taste and nutritional value of this product all year round.

how to properly store shelled walnuts

Morphology

Imago

The pygidium is open. The eyes are bulging. Hind leg femora with large pointed tooth. [3] The base of the antennae, the fore tibiae and the apex of the middle tibiae are rufous. [16]

Various territorial populations of the pea weevil, in particular European and Siberian, do not differ morphologically. [12]

Sexual dimorphism

Individuals of different sexes differ in the structure of their genital organs. [1]

The length of the antennae of the female is less than the width of the base of the pronotum. [9]

Egg

Larva

Doll

Phenology of development (in days)

Development

Imago

Overwintered beetles appear in the spring (usually in May) in various stages, well heated by the sun - in gardens, on flowering bird cherry trees (along the edges of forest belts), weeds, along ditches, etc. They partially enter pea crops with seeds, but most beetles fly to the fields from wintering areas, including last year's pea fields, where the beetles could overwinter in carrion and plant debris.

The colonization of crops begins at an air temperature of + 20 – + 22°C. Subsequently, under favorable weather conditions (temperatures +20-+29°C and relative air humidity 55-62%) and the availability of effective feed (pea pollen), the number of pests increases.

Beetles become noticeable during pea flowering - In the southern regions of Russia and Ukraine at the end of May or beginning of June. The emergence of peas occurs most rapidly at a temperature of 26-28 °C, more extensively at 20 °C and weakly at 15-16 °C and below.

• Bruchus
• Pea aphid
• Pea moth
• Nodule pea weevils
• Five-spotted weevil
• Pea thrips
• Bean grain

Pests of legumes

Legume crops are caused great harm by polyphagous pests: meadow moth, beet aphid, copperhead and others, but still the most dangerous are those that prefer peas, beans and beans. They primarily damage the seeds.

The best predecessors of beans in the middle zone are cucumbers, potatoes, tomatoes, white and cauliflower, beets, and carrots.

Such pests include bruchus, or pea weevil.

Bruchus

This is a beetle only 0.5 cm long, with a spot on the elytra that looks like a white cross. Body with noticeable gray pubescence. It is especially common in the Non-Black Earth Region, where it causes irreparable damage to legumes.

The female pest is often called pea weevil. They lay eggs on young shoots of legumes. Beetles feed on pollen from various plants, but they always damage legumes.

After 2 weeks, the eggs located on the pea flaps hatch into larvae that gnaw through the bean flaps and penetrate the unripe grain.

Small chambers are formed in the peas, where only one larva is located, and pupation occurs there. The pupation process takes several weeks.

In the southern regions of Russia, beetles emerge from peas to overwinter under various plant remains on the soil surface or indoors. In the Non-Black Earth Region, however, the beetles remain in peas for the winter.

Bruchus can be detected and distinguished from other pests by its oviposition. The eggs in them are amber-yellow in color and 1 mm long. As they mature, the larvae acquire a cream color, have a brown head, and a body length of 0.5 cm.

Damaged grain can be easily detected by a round dark spot on the shell. If the beetle leaves the pea, it leaves a noticeable round hole.

Control measures

Agrotechnical and chemical control methods should be used. If some of the peas are lost during harvesting, deep digging of the soil is required in the fall. It’s even better to treat the area with Mantis or Honda walk-behind tractors so that the grains on the soil surface remain in the ground.

In this case, the bruchus will not be able to get out of the deep layers of the soil to the surface; it is not able to overcome even 10 cm of the top layer of the earth. But the best thing is to avoid loss of harvest, do not be late in harvesting and do not wait for the time when the fruits begin to crack.

If the grains still turn out to be infected with bruchus, you should make a concentrated solution of table salt and pour the peas intended for sowing into it. The bruchus peas will rise to the surface and can thus be easily removed from the seed.

Early sowing of peas, deep loosening of the soil and autumn plowing are quite effective in combating bruchus.

Among the chemical control measures, it is worth noting the treatment of pea beds during flowering with karbofos (60 g of the drug per 10 liters of water). This treatment is carried out only three times at intervals of about a week.

Pea aphid

Among other numerous species of aphids, the pea aphid stands out for its large size: its length reaches 5 mm. The color of the insect is green, the limbs are long.

You should never spray with chlorophos: it has recently been banned due to its toxicity.

It is divided into wingless and winged species, the latter being larger and more mobile.

In Russia, it is difficult to find regions where these types of pea aphids do not cause enormous damage to pea crops and other plants from the legume family, both on large farms and on individual plots.

The eggs of the pea aphid are black, elongated-oval in shape. They are found in clutches on the root parts of the stems of legumes - clover, alfalfa, etc. They overwinter there. In the spring, larvae emerge from them, which suck the juices from the plants in May. Foundress females emerge from the larvae and develop without fertilization. The female dispersers, which also form from larvae, fly to legumes.

Pea aphid

Wingless females are especially dangerous for peas, producing up to 170 larvae. After 2 weeks, the pest development cycle ends. During the growing season, up to 4 generations of insects appear in the north of Russia, and 12 in the south.

Aphids greatly harm peas during flowering. At the ends of the growths, accumulations of aphids inhibit the growth and development of plants, sharply reducing the yield. When the peas begin to ripen and their stems become coarser, the winged aphids that appear during this period fly to the succulent shoots of perennial legumes. There the development of sexual individuals occurs by mid-autumn, which is accompanied by the creation of new ovipositions, after which the aphids go to winter.

Control measures

To destroy pea aphid eggs, it is necessary to mow the perennial grasses near the pea beds as low as possible in the spring.

Do not choose late-ripening pea varieties for sowing: the earlier the grains ripen, the less likely there are large crop losses on the site. In spring, it is better not to be late in sowing peas.

If these measures do not bring the desired results, no later than three weeks before harvesting, treat only the seed shoots with karbofos (60 g per 10 liters of water).

Pea moth

This small butterfly with a wingspan of only 1.5 cm causes irreparable damage to crops of peas, vetch and other legumes throughout the CIS, destroying up to a third of the crop in some years. In appearance, it is elegant, dark brown, chooses places for laying eggs during the flowering of peas and is capable of giving birth to 300 new individuals. The eggs are light at first, then darken, becoming yellow. At this time, they become increasingly difficult to detect on leaves and beans. After 5-10 days, caterpillars emerge from the eggs and through the holes they gnaw in the seams of the beans, they make their way inside to the pea, gnawing at it and feeding on it for three weeks. Damaged seeds cannot be used for food, and they do not sprout.

If aphids do appear, spray the crops of peas and other leguminous plants twice with solutions or infusions of dandelion leaves or onion peels.

Caterpillars that go into the soil make cocoons, the silky cover of which sticks to the soil. Until spring, the pea codling moth hibernates.

Its favorite wintering places are fields of vetch, peas, or areas where the harvest harvested from them was threshed.

Pea moth

The pea codling moth is sometimes called a leaf roller, since, in addition to damaged fruits, the most damaged leaf blades on plants curl up.

Control measures

The fight against the pea codling moth is made easier by the fact that during the growing season only one generation of the pest is born, but it is quite numerous, and therefore everything possible must be done to prevent it from appearing.

When you dry the peas after threshing, do not forget to loosen the soil deeper with a plow, but it is easier to do this with a Mantis walk-behind tractor, especially since a plow is more difficult to find and use in a small area than a walk-behind tractor, and its work is much more efficient. Before starting a plow with a skid plow or "Mantis", do not forget to carefully remove plant residues of peas, vetch and other legumes on which the codling moth is found from the site.

Nodule pea weevils

There are several types of these pests. The most common in the CIS are striped and bristly (gray). They are easy to distinguish. The striped weevil has light stripes noticeably visible on its back, passing through the elytra, the general background is gray, the body length is 0.5 cm. The gray, or bristly, weevil has dark spots on the elytra, and white bristles clearly appear in the area of ​​the elytra.

Pea weevil

After wintering, hungry beetles attack crops of perennial leguminous grasses, and then move on to peas, where they eat holes along the edges of the leaves at the growing point, completely destroying them. Female beetles lay eggs on the surface of the soil, from where larvae appear after 2 weeks, penetrating into the nodules, where they completely eat everything up.

Weevil outbreaks are found everywhere. The pest is relatively unpretentious and can overwinter on the bare surface of the soil, but the beetle feels more comfortable in winter under the plant remains of legumes.

Pupation of insects requires a long period, at least 30–45 days. Emerging beetles damage peas and can spread to all species of the legume family. The pests are extremely voracious: each weevil can damage up to 6 plant nodules in the larval stage. Therefore, it is necessary to promptly destroy the pest using both agrotechnical and all other methods, including chemical ones.

Control measures

A month before harvesting, you need to spray peas with karbofos (60 g per 10 liters of water), if the crops are intended to produce seeds.

Plant damaged by pea weevil

Five-spotted weevil

This is a small brown beetle with a body length of up to 0.5 cm. It is recognized by white spots on the back.

The eggs are white, about 1 mm long. The larvae are cream or white in color, 6 mm long, have a brown head, and a slightly curved body shape.

Peas for food use should be sown as early as possible and timely deep tillage should be carried out.

The five-spotted weevil is found in central Russia, the south of the CIS and even in Siberia. After hibernating in the ground, beetles fly out during the formation of buds on peas.

Female beetles lay eggs on peas through gnawed holes on the valves of the beans. The peas later serve as food for the larvae.

Several larvae can gnaw through tunnels in one pea at once.

After 15–20 days, the larvae make small holes in the beans and leave them, pupating in the soil. Here, in the ground, they winter.

Control measures

If a five-spotted weevil is found on your site and you are not completely sure that it has been destroyed, you should not sow peas next year: the range of action of this very mobile pest is up to 500 m.

Do not leave pea stalks on the ground after harvesting and separating the seeds from the beans and stalks.

In the infected area, carry out deep autumn tillage after harvesting.

If there are a lot of pests, you will have to take an extreme measure: no later than two weeks before harvesting, spray the peas with karbofos.

After spraying with karbofos, it is advisable to use peas for seeds.

Pea thrips

This pest has barely visible fringed wings.

It itself is small: only 1.8 mm, the cover color is dark brown, merging with the soil, where the insect goes to winter in the larval phase.

In spring, pests attack young plants.

In May, thrips damage young leaves and flowers, which remain underdeveloped. Later, thrips damage the beans and they become distorted.

Female insects lay eggs in the shells of stamens during flowering of plants, in the integumentary parenchyma tissues of young leaves. Pest eggs are shaped like a tiny white bean. After 1–1.5 weeks, first transparent white larvae emerge from them, then they become light orange.

Within two to three weeks, the larvae damage the above-ground pea system - leaves, flowers and fruits.

Then they move into the ground.

The presence of thrips can be easily detected by the appearance of dark spots and silvery spots on the outside of the fruit flaps - these are thrips excrement.

Control measures

Spatial isolation of pea crops affected by thrips is required.

In the fall, after harvesting, the soil is deeply cultivated either with a plow or with a Mantis walk-behind tractor.

Bean grain

This pest, which poses a great danger to plants, is widespread in regions where there is a high concentration of bean crops: in the Krasnodar Territory, Georgia, Crimea, Ukraine, and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The insect is usually carried by damaged bean grains.

Beetles are able to fly long distances, getting out of warehouses and grain silos, moving onto bean shoots in the field.

Brown bean beetles. On the dark elytra, light longitudinal spots are clearly visible.

Treatment with karbofos is carried out in areas with peas intended for seed production (60 g of the drug per 10 liters of water)

Once from the warehouse or together with the infected beans on the crops, the female beetles lay eggs directly in the beans, after gnawing holes there closer to the seeds.

The eggs quickly enter the phase of transformation into larvae and after a week at a temperature of 31 ° C, larvae emerge from them. At room temperature, this process takes 1.5 months.

The activity of the bean weevil is especially high in years with high air humidity in the summer.

Large bean grains usually contain several larvae.

The larva pupates in the beans and after 3 weeks turns into a beetle, which immediately flies out of the damaged grain.

Control measures

You should not be late in harvesting beans. It is better to harvest the entire crop before the beans crack.

Heat batches of food beans damaged by grain at 60 °C for an hour, and then the beetles will die completely.

A similar effect is achieved by freezing food grains in dry refrigerators, attics, outbuildings, and dachas. Check the seeds carefully before sowing to ensure they are not damaged.

Table of contents

Rules for storing green beans

Caryopsis larvae infect not only the plant's beans, but also the pods. Thus, before making bean preparations for the winter, the pods should also be sorted. The best way to preserve the beneficial properties of the product is freezing. How to freeze green beans:

1. Rinse the pods in cool running water.
2. Remove areas with dark spots, dots, and dents. Inspect for disease and pest damage.
3. It is convenient to cut into oblong pieces or finely chop in advance.
4. Blanch: pour boiling water over the raw material and cool sharply in ice water or place in a snow mass.
5. Dry the prepared semi-finished products with a towel or in an electric dryer. Do not allow ice to appear on the product before storing - this will cause the product to soften and lose its taste.
6. Place into bags or containers in portions. Repeated freezing is unacceptable.

Please note: Beans are one of the types of products that can be stored for a long time without losing their beneficial and taste qualities. However, to ensure the freshness of legumes, simple rules must be followed.

It is necessary to sort the grains, checking for the appearance of weevils, store them in a dry and cool place and ensure tightness

It is necessary to sort the grains, checking for the appearance of weevils, store them in a dry and cool place and ensure tightness.

There is also a risk of seeing bugs in the product when growing plants on your own in your garden. Some bean pests appear in legumes at the ripening stage and pose a threat to the crop even before harvesting.

Therefore, it is important to follow preventive measures and storage rules.

Bruchus as an agricultural pest

Bruchus larvae cause enormous damage to crops. Research by agronomists has shown that if they are infected, harvested peas lose 35% of their normal weight. But the harm to pea grains does not end there: affected beans significantly lose their germination percentage and even become unsuitable for human and animal consumption. The fact is that the excrement of Bruchus larvae contains the alkaloid canaridine, which is a toxic substance for mammals. The consequences of its use are poisoning of the body.

Pea weevil

Pea grain is a professional destroyer of pea grains. This insect is a monophage that feeds exclusively on peas and disdains even its closest relatives (chickpeas and lentils). A small black bug, whose distinctive feature is a cross-shaped white mark on the tip of its abdomen, overwinters inside peas placed in a barn or accidentally left in the beds after harvest.

On pea crops, the first grains appear in the last ten days of May - early June, i.e., at the time when pea shoots produce tendrils and begin to form buds.

When the peas bloom, the beetles become active and begin to colonize the plantings en masse. Within five days from the moment the buds open, the grains fill the pea plantations, and move through them like a fire - from the edges to the center.

Pea weevil

The beetles feed on the pollen of pea flowers and their petals, and when beans begin to form from the flowers, female caryopses begin to lay eggs on their leaves.

The larvae emerging from the eggs quickly gnaw through the tender walls of the beans and, one by one, penetrate into the pulp of the pea embryos. Feeding on the inside of the pea, the larva eats out a rounded cavity in it, in which it then pupates.

Attention! Peas affected by weevil are not suitable for food, as they contain not only beetles or pupated larvae, but also their toxic excrement!

Control measures:

1. Sowing peas near mustard plantings, the smell of which repels the grains.
2. Timely harvesting, preventing overripe beans from opening and infected peas falling to the ground.
3. Deep digging of beds, making it difficult for grains to emerge from the carrion.
4. Pre-planting rejection of grain-infected, and therefore lighter, peas, by immersing the seed in a three percent saline solution.

There are other, less dangerous insects that can also harm peas, but all of them can be dealt with quite easily by following the rules of crop rotation and spraying pea plantings with herbal decoctions and infusions.

How to protect peas from Colorado potato beetles

It is the most common and most persistent pest. This insect and its larvae eat leaves and damage young shoots of potatoes, as well as tomatoes, eggplants and other nightshades. The Colorado potato beetle can produce up to three generations per year.

Pest control measures: plant potatoes early, it is advisable to use resistant varieties and intact healthy tubers. With the appearance of the first shoots, it is necessary to carefully monitor the area, systematically collect beetles and clutches of eggs, which are usually found on the lower surface of the leaves and have a bright orange color. Orange-colored larvae emerge from the eggs; they gradually crawl to the upper surface of the leaves and spread throughout the entire bush.

The only way to protect peas from these pests is to collect beetles; leaves with clutches of eggs and larvae should be placed in jars filled with kerosene (a strong solution of table salt can also be used for this purpose). It is also necessary to promptly treat plants with infusions and decoctions of tansy.

Flocks of these pests, which have well-developed wings, are capable of long flights. Thus, beetles occupy more and more territory. If the Colorado potato beetle senses approaching danger, it falls to the ground and pretends to be dead. This is what allows him to survive in many cases.

Protecting peas from the pest Bruchus

Bruchus, or pea weevil, is found everywhere. This pest of legumes is a small beetle with a white spot on the elytra, as well as gray pubescence. Female pests lay eggs on young shoots of legumes. The larvae emerge from the eggs, gnaw through the bean valves and penetrate the seeds. The pest overwinters in seeds, and in the southern regions - on the soil surface and in plant debris.

A damaged seed can be easily noticed by a dark spot or a round hole if the pest has left it.

The beetle does not leave the beans for the winter, thus spreading with the seeds, so before planting, you should immerse the seeds in a strong solution of table salt (300 g per 1 liter of water) - those that float will be unsuitable for planting.

Getting to know the insect

Bruchus belongs to the family of beetles called Coleoptera in Latin. It is small in size: the body length of adult individuals in the adult development phase is usually 0.4–0.5 mm.

In the photo of Bruchus, under magnification, 11-segmented antennae and 2 pairs of tarsi are visible, the first of which are turned forward, and the rest - backward.

Bruchus beetle

The body of the beetle is covered with small gray hairs, although it itself is black. The legs and antennae differ in color: they are partly yellow, often with a reddish tint. The head of Bruchus is relatively small. The pronotum is protected by a shield, and on the elytra of this beetle there are white spots resembling a cross in shape. This special pattern is what distinguishes the bruchus from other millstones.

The beetle's head has an elongated shape, which makes it look like a weevil. In English, the insect is even called “pea weevil” (pea weevil), which is incorrect from the point of view of biological classification...

What to do if beans have bugs

The most common pests that attack beans are bean weevil, sprout fly, slugs, and aphids. Gardeners need knowledge about the causes of the formation of these parasites - this will help protect the product. Control measures will also be different.

Bean grain

This insect is found throughout Russia, but often appears in regions with warmer climates. The pest looks like a small beetle - 2-5 mm. The bean grain looks like this in the photo.

Since the grain is thermophilic, it will die when the temperature drops. The parasite is transferred from the field to a room where it lives under favorable conditions. If burrows are noticed in the beans, this indicates infection with weevil.

Measures to combat weevil:

1. Severely affected cereals must be thrown away or heated in the oven, which will lead to the death of the larvae.
2. To prevent the grain from multiplying, add bay leaves or garlic cloves to the cereal. If they appear, you can put cloves or nutmeg in their location to scare them away.
3. To prevent their spread, pack the beans in a tightly closed container.
4. To avoid caking and rotting of the product, do not purchase it in reserve.
5. If you suspect a pest, place the container with beans in the refrigerator compartment or, in case of cool weather outside, on the balcony.
6. To prevent the spread of weevil, regularly clean cabinets with soapy water.

Sprout fly

Spoils bean grains when they sprout. The larvae remain in the ground, and in early spring flies emerge from them, leaving eggs in the ground. If the soil is moist, insects hatch from them in 7-10 days. They strengthen in the place of the bean where the sprout grows. Infected seedlings rot and turn black or produce weakened plants. The larvae pupate in 14-20 days.

To combat the germ fly you need:

1. Sow as early as possible so that by the time the larvae pupate, the bean sprouts are strong.
2. Apply fresh fertilizer in the fall, not in the spring, as the fly loves wet soil with poorly rotted fertilizer.
3. To repel insects from bean sprouts in the spring, water the plantings with garlic infusion or plant garlic nearby. You can sprinkle the crops with ground pepper or ash.

Please note: In rare circumstances, this pest requires chemical intervention - Fufanon, Tanrek

Slugs

Slugs feed on young beans, preventing the plant from developing and bearing fruit. They can also be present in the bean crop. They prefer humidity and moderate temperatures. They tolerate winter well, and in the spring they can attack the crop again.

To combat them on the site, hedgehogs, frogs, and toads are suitable. You can build artificial barriers, since slugs, due to their bodies, cannot crawl over scratchy obstacles. To do this, you need to make strips of salt, ash or sand around the crop.

You can fight them using chemical methods; to do this, you need to scatter the drug next to the plants. An effective way is to collect it manually. This should be done in the early morning when pests are most active.

Aphids on beans

A pest such as aphids drinks juices from the plant. There are many varieties, but there is a pea species that attacks legumes. The greatest damage occurs when the crop blooms. It's difficult to fight, but possible.

There are preventive methods to prevent the problem. Next to the beans you need to plant fragrant plants - garlic, tansy, calendula or spray with an essence with a strong smell (from tomato tops, horseradish rhizomes, onion peels, etc.). You can lure ladybugs, which are known plant protectors from aphids. To attract them, the site must have at least one of the following plants:

• dill;
• cornflower;
• calendula;
• coriander;
• geranium;
• tansy;
• dandelion.

If there are a lot of aphids, then you need to use chemicals - Aktara, Agrovertin.

How to deal with bean pests

Methods of combating weevil in an apartment boil down to identifying the source of infection and recycling or saving legumes. There is no need to use insecticides, since the larvae are inside the product. Infected fruits should not be eaten because they contain insect waste products.

Homemade methods for getting rid of bean weevil are based on the use of critical temperatures at which the pest dies. Storing the harvested crop in a cellar where the temperature is below 0 ° C will prevent the development of larvae. In an apartment, you can keep the collected beans in the refrigerator or heat them in the oven for an hour. These procedures will allow you to get rid of insects in the early stages of infection and avoid spoilage of the product.

Control of grain pests in the field involves the following activities:

1. Visual inspection of seeds before sowing. To identify infected beans, seeds are immersed in a saline solution for 7-8 minutes. The floating grains are rejected.
2. The use of insecticidal preparations during the fruit ripening phase.
3. Timely harvesting.
4. Cleaning up plant residues.

The set of measures outlined above will help minimize the infestation of beans by such a small but very harmful insect.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=0yi6SvCge7Y

Maliciousness

It is very difficult for an inexperienced eye to detect damaged peas before the beetles have emerged from them, since there are no external damages, but only a darker spot on the seed coat.

The larva causes damage, damaging peas in the field, and the imago (adult beetle) in storage.

Affected grains not only lose up to 40% of their weight, but also peas damaged by the weevil have low nutritional and seed quality.

The harmfulness of the pea weevil also lies in the spoilage of the grain, since the larva during its development eats away large cavities, destroying about half of the endosperm or more. Damaged seeds lose their viability. In addition, up to 90% of the larvae’s excrement contains the alkaloid contharidin, which is harmful to the health of people and animals, so damaged grain cannot be used for food or animal feed.

The pest enters new areas with non-fumigated infected pea grain, possibly with the help of beetles migrating to neighboring fields from infested crops. The pea weevil larva is a monophage and develops exclusively on cultivated peas.

Appearance Features

The beetle reaches 4-5 millimeters in length. The body shape of the pea weevil is broadly oval. The body is shiny.

A tooth can be discerned at the edge near the elytra. The color is black, the body is covered with white and yellow hairs. At the tip of the abdomen there is a white cross-shaped pattern. This pattern is a distinctive feature of pea grains from their counterparts. The tibiae and bases of the antennae are rufous.

The elytra are short and do not completely cover the abdomen. Each elytra has a white oblique band. The eyes are bulging. The thighs of the hind legs have large, pointed teeth.

There are two types of pea grains - Siberian and European; they do not differ in appearance. But there are subtle differences between the sexes. Males and females differ in the structure of the genital organs and the length of the antennae; in males they are larger.

Pea grain eggs are oval, amber-yellow in color. The length of the egg ranges from 0.6-1 millimeter. One edge of the egg is slightly narrowed, with filamentous flagella extending from it.

Before molting, the larvae are reddish in color, with a body covered in long hairs and a pair of legs. The adult larva is cream-colored and has no legs. The head is small and noticeably retracted into the thoracic region. The length of the larva is 5-6 millimeters.

The pea weevil pupa is free. The color is cream. The shape of the pupa resembles an adult beetle. Its length is 5-6 millimeters.

Pea diseases and insect pests

Once, while harvesting peas, I noticed that they had slowed down in growth and, to be honest, the harvest was so-so. Upon closer examination of the bushes, I noticed small green beetles on the leaves and stems - it turned out to be aphids. I categorically do not use chemicals so as not to harm the health of my family. And then I decided to try to lime the aphids with a strong soap solution. The treatment had to be repeated several times, since there were already quite a lot of aphids. Today I decided to talk about: pea diseases and share my secrets for fighting pests and fungi that often affect tender, young peas.

Hessian fly

A two-winged insect belonging to the gall midge family. The body shape resembles a mosquito, length is about 2 mm.

The Hessian fly is one of the main pests of rye and wheat; it also affects barley and other cereal grasses. Yellowish-white larvae, up to 1.5 mm long, feed on the juices of young stems and leaves. Plants affected by the fly dry out and produce less yield; often damaged cereals die completely.

Methods of pest control:

• carrying out autumn plowing 3 weeks after harvesting and peeling the soil;
• choosing the optimal time for sowing winter crops;
• cultivation of durum wheat varieties, which are less susceptible to pest damage;
• use of phosphorus fertilizers.

Chemical methods

Processing peas using industrial chemicals is considered the most effective. Among them:

1. Carbonation. The destruction of bruchus must begin immediately after harvesting, when the pea plant has not yet left the larval phase. If the moisture content of peas does not exceed 16%, liquefied methyl bromide is used for fumigation in a volume of 30 grams per m2.

The fight against bruchus is carried out only by specialists in sealed granaries or under a tarpaulin. The thickness of the pea layer should be no less than 75 and no more than 150 centimeters. Standard processing times are 1-2 days, depending on the air temperature. The procedure does not lead to loss of germination.

1. Disinfection of seed material with hexachlorane. When the humidity level is below 15%, the seed material is treated with 12% hexachlorane dust. The drug is formulated using 3 kilograms per 1 ton. The treated seeds are covered with tarpaulin or polyethylene and left for 7-10 days. Beetles die after treatment no later than 3 days. When deciding when to poison, you should remember that the most favorable time here is spring, about a month before the start of sowing, or autumn, even before the first frost. When the procedure is carried out correctly, germination does not decrease, and the percentage of dead bruchus ranges from 87 to 100.
2. Spraying pea crops. For these purposes, they use an insecticide such as 2.5% dust metaphos. The procedure is repeated twice. The consumption is 20 kilograms per 1 hectare during the first treatment session and 10 kilograms per hectare during the second.

It is necessary to spray once before the pest begins laying eggs, and a second time approximately 10 days after the first. Treatment is not allowed if there are flowering weeds in the crops. Pollination is also carried out using small aircraft and various systems of ground pollinators, but with a working width of at least 20 meters. Since the period for spraying metaphos is relatively short, treatment with this product is acceptable two weeks before the start of harvesting.

The most effective drugs are considered to be:

• 20% metaphos emulsion;
• 80% chlorophos solution;

Chemical treatment of peas intended for canning is strictly prohibited.

When the population size of the weevil is small, edge treatment of crops is considered advisable, since these are the zones that are colonized by the pest as a matter of priority. Its efficiency is quite high; the level of contamination of seed material does not exceed 0.07%.

The methods listed above give a complete picture of how to deal with bruchus most effectively.

Treating legumes against the umbrella psyllid pest

The umbrella psyllid is a small (up to 2 mm long) light green insect with transparent wings. The larvae of this insect damage carrots and parsley, preferring mainly young shoots.

Overwintering of umbrella psyllid larvae takes place on tree leaves. In spring, pests migrate to carrot seedlings.

Females lay eggs by pressing them into carrot tops. The emerging psyllid larvae move to the veins of the leaves and begin to suck the juice from them, which leads to curling of the carrot tops.

Affected plants begin to lag in growth.

To protect peas from pests, it is recommended to spray with tobacco decoction. To prepare it, you need 400 g of dried and well-chopped tobacco herb, pour 5 liters of water, boil for 25 minutes, cool, strain, add 5 liters of water. Dissolve 30 g of laundry soap previously grated on a coarse grater in the resulting broth. Spraying should be carried out 2-3 times, with an interval of 7 days. Treatment should be stopped 2 weeks before harvest.

Insect development

The beetle that destroys peas is widespread in the European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation, where the crop is sown en masse. The boundaries of the insect's habitat are not constant; they change depending on favorable weather conditions. There are many places where pea weevil overwinters. Basically these are storage facilities in which peas are stored. In the southern regions, a significant part of the grains waits out the cold season and winters in stacks of straw, under the bark of trees, among plant debris or in the soil.

Beetles emerge en masse from peas at a temperature of 26-28°C. At lower temperatures this process slows down. High humidity has a beneficial effect on the emergence of pests from infected grains. Mostly overwintered parasites appear in May and take a liking to flowering gardens, clusters of weeds and bird cherry thickets along the edges of forest belts. Pea grains enter the fields along with seeds, but most of them arrive from surrounding areas. The largest number of beetles appears in the fields in May, during the mass flowering of plants. During this period, the grains feed on flower petals and pollen.

Female pea weevils begin laying eggs en masse in early June. They place a clutch of an average of 35 eggs on top of green pea beans, firmly gluing them to the shoots of the plants using a special liquid mass. After drying, it forms a protective shell, under which half a millimeter amber-yellow oblong eggs are placed. Their development lasts, depending on conditions, for 6-12 days. The female can lay from 70 to 200 eggs over the entire period of her life, which lasts one year.

Having emerged, the caryopsis larva gnaws through the fleshy shell of the bean and gets into its middle. Here it gets to the still green pea grain, in which the entire process of pest development from larva, pupa and adult beetle takes place.

Eggs and larvae of pea weevil The entrance hole in the grain shell overgrows over time and a small black dot remains. Before molting, the larvae have a reddish, worm-like body covered with long hairs. A newborn individual has a pair of legs. After a few days, she molts and becomes legless with her head strongly retracted into the front of her chest. Its color becomes creamy. Eating nutritious food, it gradually reaches a length of 5-6 mm. After molting several times, the larva completes its development. Before pupation, it forms a tunnel right up to the pea skin, but does not gnaw through it. The resulting cavity will contain a young beetle. Under favorable conditions, it is enough for him to press on the lid to come out. The emergence of adult weevils occurs at the end of July.

Bean seed propagation

The main problem for the weevil is wintering.
The insect spends the winter in places where it is warmer: in granaries, under the bark of trees, in haystacks. The beetles emerge in the spring, when the temperature reaches 20 degrees Celsius. They appear on plantations with the first planting of pea seeds. Eggs are laid in early June. Females lay eggs only on bean and pea pods. It is not very difficult to notice them: they stand out brightly against the green background. Outwardly they are somewhat similar to the clutches of Colorado potato beetles.

The larva develops in the egg for 6–10 days, after which it gnaws through the walls and emerges. To survive, she needs to get to the bean grain. And although several larvae can simultaneously penetrate one grain, only one, the strongest, will win the fight for survival.

The necessary conditions

For insect reproduction, the following conditions are necessary:

1. favorable nutrient environment: fields with legumes, warehouses;
2. ambient temperature from 18 to 30 degrees;
3. humidity within 75–90%.

Reproduction process

After 35–45 days, insect larvae emerge from the eggs, which develop for about 3 weeks, eating the internal contents of the plant fruit. The entire body of the larva is covered with bristles; it has no legs. Then the larva transforms into a pupa.

Wintering

Insects almost always overwinter in storage or (in less severe winters) in plant debris. At low temperatures they die. The awakening of beetles begins at 13 degrees, and they become active and capable of long flights at 17 degrees.

When searching for fields with beans, soybeans, beans, and lentils, intermediate plants can be used: lupine, chinu, alfalfa and some others. The closest relative of this insect can be considered the pea weevil.

Diseases

Legumes especially need protection from diseases, as they saturate the soil with nitrogen compounds, which other plants are not capable of. Various pea diseases can significantly reduce the amount of harvest and spread the infection to neighboring plantings.

To prevent the development of diseases, the use of preventive measures is required. To reduce the number of damage factors, it is necessary to adhere to the rules of crop rotation, treat the soil with fungicidal agents, and do not mix different varieties of peas in the same bed.

Ascochyta blight

The fungal disease appears on the entire plant in the form of dark-spotted or pale-spotted dots. The disease is characteristic of adult ripening plants that are in the stage of fruit formation. The development of ascochyta blight is facilitated by factors such as excessively humid air and external damage to the protective layer on the leaves or stem.

After detecting signs of ascochyta blight in peas, control measures will consist of spraying with disinfectant solutions. If the leaves are severely damaged and cannot be restored, they should be carefully separated from the healthy part and destroyed.

Rust

Pea rust is a fungal disease. The cause of the infection is a fungus transmitted from weeds growing in the beds. Rust manifests itself as a change in the shape of the leaf plates and the formation of small yellow darkenings.

It is widely believed that stems affected by rust must be burned so that the infection is not transmitted to other plants. If the crop was affected before flowering, then it is enough to treat the peas with a solution of Bordeaux mixture at a concentration of 1%. After treatment, you need to thoroughly weed the ground and remove all nearby weeds.

Downy mildew

With increased air humidity, there is a risk of developing peronosporosis. The disease affects the crop at any stage of ripening, forming yellow spots on the leaf blades. The affected parts of the plants begin to dry out and fall off over time.

To eliminate downy mildew of peas, it is recommended to spray with a solution of Bordeaux mixture. It is also necessary to control the frequency of watering and ensure the area has good wind flow. To prevent downy mildew, timely weeding of the beds and the presence of a constant source of lighting are important.

Anthracnose

Anthracnose is caused by a fungus that spreads through precipitation or small insects. The disease leads to gradual darkening of the above-ground parts of plants and further decay. Anthracnose of peas can be eliminated by treating the crop with disinfectant solutions and fungicidal fertilizers. When replanting in the beds, it is important to remove the remains of infected vegetation, dig up the soil and water the soil with Bordeaux mixture.

See also

How to properly tie and create support for peas in open ground

Read

Fusarium

The development of Fusarium root rot of peas can lead to a significant reduction in the amount of harvest. Due to the disease, seedlings lag behind healthy ones in development, acquire a dark pink coating, the root system is not fully formed, and over time the crop withers.

To prevent Fusarium pea disease, it is necessary to pre-soak the seeds in a fungicidal solution. If, despite the preparation of the seed, the plants are affected, they should be destroyed, since otherwise neighboring plantings may be infected.

Powdery mildew

The impact of powdery mildew on peas leads to the death of the plant. The disease develops mainly at the beginning of the vegetative process. When buds form, light spots form on the surface of the leaf blades, and spores develop on the reverse side. The occurrence of the disease is promoted by high humidity and sudden cold temperatures.

Having discovered powdery mildew at the primary stage, you need to dust the beds with lime. Timely processing of the crop helps to keep the peas inside the pods in proper condition. If the disease progresses and no control measures are taken, growth will stop completely and wilting will occur.

Rot

Gray mold appears on the surface parts of vegetation. The causative agent is a necrotrophic fungus, and dynamic development is facilitated by increased precipitation and a decrease in temperature below the permissible limit. The appearance of gray rot can be caused by spoiled seeds in which the pathogenic microflora is preserved by the mycelium.

The white variety of rot forms on the root part of the stems. Due to rot, the stems wilt and break. Peas are also affected, which are first covered with a white coating and then completely rot.

In order to combat rot, it is necessary to treat the beds with copper sulfate, periodically apply fertilizer and thoroughly loosen the soil. When preparing seed, it is recommended to disinfect the seeds and use means to stimulate the development of the root system.

Seed protection

The source of the development of a large number of diseases and the appearance of pests are low-quality or initially contaminated seeds. To reduce the likelihood of pea death, the seed should be properly prepared.

To do this you need to do the following:

1. Seed sorting. By soaking the seed in a saline solution, you can select seeds unsuitable for planting that will float to the surface.
2. Warming up. Thermal effect on seeds helps to disinfect them and eliminate harmful bacteria.
3. Hardening. By keeping the seeds in the refrigerator under gauze soaked in water, it will be possible to eliminate the remaining microbes.
4. Stimulating growth. Before planting directly, the seeds should be soaked in specialized solutions that activate accelerated growth.

Agrochemical methods

1. The earliest and extremely short timing of sowing dramatically reduces the risk of peas being damaged by weevil.
2. Selection of parasite-resistant varieties. Plant varieties with large beans, short stalks, and dense foliage are least likely to be damaged by peas.
3. Carrying out mixed crops. Planting peas together with supporting crops, such as mustard, well protects the main crop from infection with bruchus, since the beetles cannot tolerate the strong smell of mustard.
4. Early and loss-free harvesting of peas is also a fairly effective measure in the fight against this pest. Late harvesting leads to the leaving of significant volumes of carrion and contaminated seeds on the fields.
5. Deep fall plowing and stubble peeling seriously make it difficult for beetles to escape from the carrion.