Dung beetle that rolls balls - who is this insect

Fighting the rhinoceros beetle

The rhinoceros beetle is listed in the Red Book and is therefore considered an endangered species. Despite this, many gardeners try to get rid of its larvae, which are not averse to feasting on the future harvest. In this case, humane methods are more suitable to combat this insect. It is enough to catch adult beetles so that they cannot lay eggs. To do this, you can use different types of traps.

Chemicals

It is not recommended to use insecticides against rhinoceros beetles, but if conditions require it, you can use:

Other interesting facts

Different subspecies of drillers perform different functions - some, for example, roll balls, others dig tunnels, and others simply live on the ground and live happily ever after. They have powerful short legs that allow them to quickly dig holes and tunnels when the need arises.

When dung beetles flee from danger, their wings begin to creak. Individuals also look very specific - no other insect has such beautiful flat wings and wing wings, which are also released when necessary.

The wings of the Caligo butterfly look like an owl.

Birds find their way and build flights along the Earth's magnetic lines

Tigers can go without food for two or even three weeks

An elephant turtle can live without food or water for up to one and a half years.

The transparent salpa is not a fish, but an animal that simplifies in the process of development

The Komodo dragon is the largest predator lizard

Crocodiles don't cry tears

The red sweat of a hippopotamus is the result of a special gland.

Prevalence

Hercules belongs to the lamellar family, the genus Duplyaki. These are the largest representatives of the genus (in general, their number is about 300), which “bear” outgrowths on themselves. The beetle's closest relatives are the rhinoceros beetle, the elephant beetle, and the scarab.

Hercules is native to South America. He also lives in Bolivia, Venezuela, the Caribbean, Ecuador, Peru, Central American regions, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Bolivia, Antilles, Colombia, Brazil, Panama, Guadeloupe. Favorite places are moist forests of subtropical and tropical zones, where a lot of greenery and fruit grow. But sometimes during wet periods they can be found in lowland and mountain forests. They prefer to live on the forest floor. Larvae live in rotting wood, which also serves as food, while adults prefer to live at the base of trees.

Interesting facts about spiders (11 photos)

As you know, Spiders are a group of arthropods that are most often predators and feed on insects or small animals. Today we want to tell you some interesting facts about these creatures.

Spiders are vegetarians

Spiders are known to feed mainly on small insects, but there is one species, Bagheera kiplingi, whose diet consists exclusively of plant foods. This spider lives in Central America, it is known as almost the only vegetarian spider. This spider feeds on the buds and leaves of acacia trees and has no natural protection from predators. By the way, some ants feed on the same plants and zealously protect their food sources, so spiders sometimes have to fight for food. By deception, they steal the leaves one by one when there are no ants nearby.

Killer Spiders

Some species of spiders obtain food exclusively by stealing from other spiders. They secretly sneak up on the nets of unsuspecting brothers and steal the caught prey. By the way, often after they have captured someone else's lunch, they do not hesitate to kill the owner into whose territory they have sneaked. One crime worse than another!

Waterfowl spiders

Of course, spiders do not have gills like fish, and they are not able to breathe underwater, but some of them manage to easily dive under water and stay there for a long time. The water spider (lat. Argyroneta aquatica), which lives in Europe, is able to stay under water for more than a day. He uses a special bag made from his own silk, in which he stores air bubbles and thus breathes.

Spider molt

All spiders shed their old skin, that is, they molt from time to time. Most often, molting occurs in youth, but in adulthood, spiders also shed the top layer of skin. A few weeks before the start of molting, spiders begin to behave strangely. They may stop feeding or develop bald patches (such as tarantulas). The molting process is usually complex and takes a lot of time. A cocktail of hormones causes the spider's upper layers of skin to separate, and new skin is formed in its place, although not necessarily in that order.

Decoy traps

In order to confuse their enemies, spiders make special decoy traps from their webs that resemble themselves. Some of these decoys are the same size as the spider itself, others are much larger. This is probably done in order to intimidate the enemy. Researchers have sometimes noticed that some spiders shake their decoy webs to create the impression that the decoy is a real living spider. Surprisingly, the trick works, and the spiders have fewer problems with predators.

Space spiders

Jumping spiders were sent into space to test whether they could build webs in low-gravity environments. The spider, named Nefertiti (pictured), adapted to the new conditions and was even able to catch flies. She could not jump on her prey, but she learned to stealthily approach her prey. She was able to develop this skill in just a couple of days! Nefertiti died of natural causes after her space mission was completed and she returned to Earth.

Spider brain

Regardless of size, all spiders weave complex webs. It turns out that this ability takes a lot of energy and requires a fairly developed and large brain. Studies have shown that the smaller the spider, the larger its brain (in proportion to the rest of the body). Some spiders have a brain so large that all other organs are forced to fit into its legs. In other words, these spiders become simply "walking brains."

Incredible web strength

If someone actually had the talents of Spider-Man, he, like the comic book hero, could easily jump from one building to another, and his web would easily support the weight of his body. In fact, spider silk is stronger than steel! For example, if you take a sheet of silk 2.5 centimeters thick, it could stop a fighter jet.

Web decorations

Spider webs are very beautiful, but spiders have to work hard to keep them in order. They typically use silk, but may sometimes also use other materials, such as decorating their webs with egg sacs. There are several theories as to why spiders do this: perhaps to make the webs stronger or to attract mates. One study found that spiders decorated their webs after being damaged, supporting the idea that decorations help them strengthen their webs.

Why do dung beetles roll balls?

A black beetle rolling a ball is a nurse beetle, clearing the earth of sewage, at work. This, which has created its fame since ancient times, is the sacred beetle - the scarab. But cleaning the soil is not the beetle's main goal. The main thing is food preparation, since the beetle is very gluttonous and can eat several times the volume of its body in one meal. The beetle is an individualist, preferring to eat alone. But how to deliver food? To do this, he makes a ball so that it can be rolled away from the pile of manure. Even the ancient Egyptians noticed that the path along which the beetle rolls the balls coincides with the movement of the Sun. Moving away from the heap, when the molded ball is delivered to the place of the meal, and the beetle rolls it upside down so as not to go astray, it stops, climbs onto the ball and works like a locator, orienting itself in space. Having found a convenient place, the beetle tears off a hole, hides in it with a ball, blocks the entrance and begins to eat.

It was believed that the ball served as a place for laying eggs, but this was not a dwelling, but only food. To continue the offspring, the female beetle sculpts a dung “pear” into which the egg is laid; it is, at the same time, both a cradle and food for the future beetle. But that's another topic.

Almost more than one hundred and seventy years ago, a similar question was asked by a boy who later devoted his life to studying the life of insects, his name was Jean Henri Fabre, and he also studied the secret of the balls.

The sacred scarab is one of the representatives of dung beetles (family Lamelidae), widespread in North Africa and the countries of Southern and Western Europe.

Scarabs are the real strongmen of the insect world: the balls of dung they roll often reach such a size that they become larger than the beetle itself. It is interesting that the front legs of the scarab seem to be created exclusively for sculpting and rolling balls: they are very strong, dexterous and are never used by the beetle for any other purpose.

What does it look like

The length of the sacred scarab (Scarabaeus sacer) reaches 25–37 mm. The tar-black body is covered with a durable chitinous cover - the exoskeleton (external skeleton). The color acquires a brilliant sheen as it matures. The inner edges of the male's hind legs are covered with golden-red fringe - this is the main difference between the male and female. The head has a serrated clypeus. The pronotum and elytra have a granular texture.

Lifestyle, nutrition and reproduction

The main activity is rolling balls of manure. A fierce fight can break out between several beetles over the finished ball. Most often, scarabs can be seen in the fields, where they gather around piles of dung of ungulates and make balls from it. Then the male and female roll the ball away from the dung heap and bury it in the ground. Most often, these balls serve as food for the beetles, but the female uses some of them to lay eggs.

Home along the Milky Way

Dung beetles, whose destiny is to roll balls of animal excrement, turned out to be great romantics. It turns out that they find the shortest way home, guided by the light of the Milky Way.

It has long been known that the behavior of animals and plants depends on the position of the Moon and the Sun in the sky. But the fact that scarabs, also known as dung beetles, need stars came as a surprise to scientists. Until now, the ability to navigate by the stars was known only in seals and birds, although biologists have suggested that starlight may be important for other animals. Scarab beetles were the first to confirm this hypothesis.

The beetle's only ability to protect the dung ball from the encroachments of competitors is to move as quickly as possible and in a straight line. The balls themselves serve as food for the beetles and a kind of incubator for the larvae.

A group of biologists led by Maria Dacke from the University of Lund (Sweden) studied South African scarabs (Scarabaeus satyrus). The ability of beetles to confidently roll a ball of dung in a straight line in almost complete darkness under a moonless and clear sky led scientists to believe that these beetles use starlight as a guide.

To test the hypothesis, a circular arena with a diameter of 3 m was built, surrounded by a barrier 1 m high. To determine how beetles orient themselves in the presence and absence of stars, the insects' heads were covered with tiny cardboard visors, thanks to which the beetles could only see in front of them.

The shortest path from the center of the arena to the barrier was equal to the radius of the arena - 150 cm. But the path of the beetles with visors was on average 476 cm, and without visors much less - 207 cm. To eliminate the influence of a foreign body that could create inconvenience for the beetles and thereby increasing the distance traveled, exactly the same visors were made of transparent plastic. It turned out that the scarabs actually moved differently depending on whether they could see the stars or not.

Under a full moon, the beetles took an average of 21.4 seconds to reach the edge of the arena. On a moonless starry night, the time increased to 40 seconds. Beetles with a visor spent 124 seconds traveling, and when the entire playpen was covered with an opaque lid, the average time was 117 seconds. The behavior of beetles changes in a similar way in cloudy weather. When clouds cover the stars, the length of the path increases.

In the next series of experiments, the beetles were placed in a planetarium, where it is easy to change the brightness of the stars. It turned out that insects are guided not by several bright stars, but by a strip of light formed by the Milky Way.

Another species, the Zambian scarab (Scarabeus zambesianus), has demonstrated similar navigational abilities. In the summer, it rolls the ball in a straight line, and with the onset of October, when the Milky Way is too low to the horizon, it begins to loop.

Scarabs have been studied in Lund for a long time. A year ago, Maria Dacke’s colleagues published an article describing why beetles perform a peculiar dance on a dung ball. The ancient Egyptians believed that this was the way beetles greeted the Sun. According to modern scientists, this is a kind of “tuning” of the internal compass. The beetle dances before it starts rolling the ball and in case of any failure or detection of an obstacle. Now scientists face new challenges, such as finding out whether the ability for stellar navigation extends to scarabs living in the northern hemisphere and other insects.

1.A dung beetle in a visor that covers the sky. 2.A beetle and its ball of dung. 3. Comparison of the trajectory of the beetle (on the left without a visor, on the right with a visor). (Current Biology).

Source

Description and features

Dung beetles are representatives of the order Coleoptera, belong to the family Lamelidae and are included in the numerous subfamily of shrews. What a dung beetle looks like depends on a number of factors, in particular the species to which it belongs and its habitat. Thus, the size of the imago can vary from 1 to 7 cm, weight - from 0.75 to 1.5 g. The color can be black, brown, blue, green, yellow.

Moreover, all adult insects have:

• oval or round body shape;
• head directed forward;
• antennae consisting of 11 segments and ending in fan-shaped plates;
• three pairs of legs with serrated tibiae along the outer edge and 2 spurs on the apex;
• abdomen, consisting of 6 sternites, on which 7 spiracles are located;
• mouthparts of the gnawing type.

Also, all beetles have strong, thick, chitinous elytra, under which are leathery wings. But not all drillers can fly; some have completely lost the ability to move through the air.

Interesting! During flight, the elytra of dung beetles practically do not open. This contradicts all the laws of aerodynamics, but does not interfere with the insects themselves. Their flight is so masterly and precise that they can easily catch a moving fly (even many birds cannot do such a trick!)

Kinds

Today, scientists classify 750 species of beetles as dung beetles, divided into two main groups: Coprophaga and Arenicolae. The main difference between representatives of both groups is that the beetles belonging to Coprophaga have covered and leathery upper lips and jaws. In Arenicolae these parts are hard and uncovered.

The most famous types include:

• Common dung beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius L.). Typical representative. Length 16-27 mm. On top, the body is black in color with a pronounced shine; sometimes blue or green tints or a border can be observed. The lower part of the body is purple or blue (specimens with a greenish-blue abdomen are much less common). There are 7 distinct grooves on the fender covers.

Adult beetles can be found everywhere from April to November.

• Forest dung beetle (Anoplotrupes stercorosus). Mass view. The adult size is 12-20 mm. The elytra are blue-black and have seven dotted grooves, the belly is blue with a metallic tint. Beneath the chitinous elytra are wings, which can be green, purple or brown. The antennae have a red-brown tint and large “pins” at the tips.

The period of activity of the beetle is summer, from mid-May to the first ten days of September. During this time, he manages to prepare holes with cameras and lay eggs in them.

• Spring dung beetle (Trypocopris vernalis). A rare species, listed in the Red Book of several regions of the Russian Federation and Belarus.

The body length of the insect is 18-20 mm, its shape is oval and convex. The surface of the elytra seems almost perfectly smooth, since there are practically no grooves on them. There are many small dots on the wide pronotum. There are individuals of dark blue, black-blue and green colors (the latter are very similar to bronzes, but differ from them in their lifestyle). Activity time is summer.

• The bull beetle (Onthophagus taurus). The length of the flattened body of this insect is 15 mm. It got its name for its paired outgrowths resembling horns. They can be located on the back, front or middle of the head and are found exclusively in males.

In exceptional cases, beetles do not grow horns, but in this case their “masculinity” is confirmed by enlarged genitals. Also among the most common and recognizable species of dung beetles are the rhinoceros beetle and the sacred scarab.

Modern meaning of the talisman

Now they believe that the image of an insect helps in the afterlife and earthly life. Such amulets protect against evil spirits, negative energy, energy vampirism and other misfortunes. They help with business, creating a family, harmonizing a couple’s relationship and helping them find love.

Such a souvenir from the country of feasts will make the owner confident and harmonize energy. It brings incredible luck in literally everything, the desire to work for your own benefit, destroys laziness and helps you achieve prosperity and success. But he won’t do anything for you, he will teach you wisdom and give you the ability to see the true nature of everything that happens to you.

For women, the scarab brings youth and beauty, internal magnetism and charm. Men are endowed with perseverance and consistency. But the influence of the amulet does not depend on gender. When you lack luck in business, luck in finding a suitable partner, or motivation to work on yourself, turn to the amulet. It also has a positive effect on sexuality, increases libido, and relieves impotence and infertility.

The role of the scarab in the life of Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians had poetic religious texts that called the scarab the god that lives in the heart and protects the inner light of a person. Therefore, the beetle symbol gradually became a connecting link between the divine principle and the human soul, uniting them.

The symbol of the sacred scarab accompanied the ancient Egyptians all their lives and, according to their beliefs, passed with them into the afterlife. If the body was mummified after death, then instead of the heart, an image of a sacred beetle was inserted. Without it, the resurrection of the soul in the afterlife could not occur. Even at the primitive level of medicine, the ancients understood the importance of the heart in the human body and, by placing in its place an image of the sacred beetle, they believed that it represented the primary impulse for the rebirth of the soul. Somewhat later, instead of a figurine of a scarab beetle, the Egyptians made a heart from ceramics, and the names of the deities were depicted on it next to the symbol of the sacred beetle.

Reproduction and lifespan

Dung beetles live up to 2-3 years and, like other Coleoptera, are insects with complete metamorphosis.

The male lures the female by releasing a stream of an odorous substance - a pheromone, urging her to mate. Usually, the gentleman brings the lady a gift - a ball of manure. The female digs a hole up to 60 cm deep with a slight widening at the end. A brood ball of dung is placed in this chamber, into which the female lays one fertilized egg. Dung beetles do not care for their offspring.

The insect has 4 stages of development.

1. The egg develops in a burrow, in a warm substrate.
2. Then a larva appears from it, outwardly completely different from the adult insect. The body of the dung beetle larva is fat, whitish, the head is small, hard, dark in color with small antennae.
3. The creature feeds on stored dung, then pupates.
4. In spring, an imago, an adult, emerges from the pupa.

Interesting fact! A female dung beetle can produce a maximum of 6 eggs (usually less), so she carefully chooses a partner for mating.

Nutrition

What the dung beetle eats is clear from its name. Coprophagous insects eat excrement to obtain nutrients from semi-digested remains.

Interesting fact! Some species of dung beetles prefer especially odorous feces of primates - monkeys and humans.

Some beetles prefer not manure at all:

• Some species eat mushrooms and fruits, preferably rotten ones.
• They do not disdain dead flesh, carrion, dead insects and protozoa.
• One species has adapted to living on the back of giant snails. They feed on the mucus of these mollusks.
• Recently, scientists have been interested in the predatory dung beetles that live in Brazil and Peru - Deltochilum valgum. The beetles lie in wait for giant ants and centipedes, behead them, roll the carcass into a hole and eat it there.

Interesting fact! Up to 16 thousand dung beetles can fly to a pile of elephant dung weighing 1.5 kg.

What does it eat?

The Egyptians believed that there were scarabs that eat people, they crawl under the skin through the ears, nose and eat a person from the inside.

Interesting!

Science has proven that the carnivorous species of beetles does not exist; the studied species are absolutely safe for people and animals.

Their diet consists of manure, which is what earned them universal love back in ancient times. Dung beetles are capable of processing large amounts of manure within a short time, which remains when keeping domestic animals. Scarabs can also be considered orderlies in the wild. It would take four thousand scarabs just an hour to clear an average pile of dung.

In the middle zone, beetles begin their active life as soon as the air warms up. They purify themselves only during the day until mid-summer, and then switch to a nocturnal lifestyle. For normal existence for 10-14 days, the scarab needs one ball of dung, five times the size of the insect itself. The beetle rolls it into a pre-dug hole near its home and digs it in. This is how a young beetle acts; at a more mature age, the male and female prepare larger amounts of manure for future use. It is with the help of waste of this type that procreation in these insects is possible.

Scarab beetle

In order to prepare food for itself, the scarab rolls a ball of dung, and it does it quite funny:

• the basis is most often a small round piece of feces;
• with the edge of its head, the insect seems to cut off small pieces of manure;
• presses the torn piece into the ball with its front and hind paws;
• the middle pair of paws holds the lump tightly, not letting go until the formation process is completed.

The beetle rolls the finished ball into a safe shelter in a shaded place. On the way, he is very careful, because smaller beetles in larger numbers can take away the prey without any problems. And relatives of the same build will not disdain ready-made food.

Interesting!

Manure not only helps scarabs live, the appearance of offspring also depends on it. The female and male stock up on a sufficient amount of manure, lay it out in their burrows, and then the female lays eggs in specially fashioned capsules. Until the pupal state, they feed on the dung that their parents stored for them.

What do amulets with a scarab mean in our time?

At all times, people believed in the miraculous power of various amulets that brought good luck, wealth, and happiness. Egyptian talismans among them, due to their ancient origin, are considered the most powerful.

The scarab beetle mascot is one of the most revered, and it is what is offered to tourists as a souvenir. Initially, amulets were made from stones, both precious and ornamental. Green granite, marble, basalt or ceramics were used, which, after drying, were covered with green or blue azure. Now tourists are offered metal amulets decorated with stones.

Before buying a talisman with the image of a scarab beetle, you should find out its meaning. The little thing helps its owner gain self-confidence, achieve desires and achieve their goals. First of all, this concerns work and creative activity. Since the scarab is a symbol of life, it is believed that it preserves youth and brings beauty to women. With its help, the strong half of humanity should gain stable income and a high position in society. Students take the talisman with them to exams, and in the house the symbol of the sacred beetle can provide protection from thieves, fires and other troubles.

It is believed that gifted amulets have greater power, but handling the amulet should be respectful and careful. A careless attitude towards magical objects and foreign culture and mythology can be dangerous for a person.

How to get rid of it?

You can deal with insect larvae using an effective folk method: in the spring and summer, water the soil with a decoction of onion peels (take a kilogram of onion peels for 10 liters of water, let it sit for five days). Dilute the resulting composition with water in equal proportions. Carry out manipulations in the warm season, when the larvae are close to the surface.

Use traps:

• coat a shallow container, a basin, with a sticky substance, for example, grease. Place a light source and bait (a little manure) on the bottom. When darkness falls, place the product in an open area. Such a device will catch not only dung beetles, but also other pests in the garden plot;
• take a two-liter bottle, cut off the top. Make four small holes in the walls and thread the cord through them. Place bait in your traps, hang them on trees, or place them near the beetles' favorite spots.

They do not produce special insecticides against dung beetles, because few people want to fight these insects. There are no special preventive recommendations against the appearance of dung beetles. The insect is absolutely harmless and brings great benefits to the garden, including the soil.

Video

Sources

• https://detochki-doma.ru/zhuk-navoznik-vnuchatyiy-plemyannik-skarabeya/https://wikidor.ru/14-navoznik-zhuk.htmlhttps://proznania.ru/geogr.php/?page_id=106https ://www.zoolog.com.ua/ru/besxrebet17.htmlhttps://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung beetles

Interesting facts about ants. 25 amazing facts about ants

25 amazing facts about ants

We provide you with 25 interesting facts about ants.

25. Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors during the mid-Cretaceous period between 110 and 130 million years ago.

This means that they are as ancient as dinosaurs, but unlike them, ants managed to survive.

24. Ant colonies vary in size. While some colonies consist of a few dozen individuals, others can be formed from millions of ants.

23. Ants have colonized almost every landmass on our planet. With the exception of Antarctica, the Arctic and a handful of islands.

22. There are more than 12,000 known species of ants, which vary in shape, color and size. They range from 0.07 to 5 centimeters in length.

21. Termites are often incorrectly considered to be ants, but in fact, they belong to the order Isoptera which is closer to cockroaches than to ants.

20. Some scientific studies show that at any given time there are approximately 10,000,000,000,000,000 ants living on Earth. It is estimated that ants make up about 15-20 percent of the earth's total animal biomass, which exceeds the mass of vertebrates.

19. Queen ants can live up to 30 years, which is about 100 times longer than solitary insects of the same size. Worker ants live from 1 to 3 years.

18. Ants can “enslave” members of other ant species by holding them captive and forcing them to do work for the colony.

17. The largest colonies of ants are called “supercolonies”. They create giant anthills that can be thousands of kilometers long. The largest supercolony spans more than 5,954 kilometers and contains more than 1 billion ants.

16. Paraponera clavata, commonly known as "bullet ants", have the most painful bite. Some victims say their bite is similar to being shot, hence the insect's name. The all-consuming pain may continue unabated for up to 24 hours.

15. Ants are known to be able to lift and transport objects weighing approximately 50 times their own body weight, but a recent scientific study conducted at Ohio State University suggests that they are capable of carrying weights that exceed their own body weight. own body 5000 times, which is truly incredible.

14. Ants have “multifaceted eyes,” which are made up of numerous tiny lenses attached to each other. Ant eyes are good for quickly detecting movement, but do not provide high-resolution images.

13. Weightlifting is not the only sport that ants are good at. They are also excellent runners, capable of running 7.62 centimeters per second. If a person could run as fast as an ant, he could run at a speed of almost 55 kilometers per hour.

12. With 250,000 brain cells in its tiny head, the ant is believed to be the smartest insect.

11. Ants do not have ears, but they hear by detecting ground vibrations using special sensors on their feet and knees.

10. Each ant colony has its own distinctive smell. Therefore, intruders can be immediately recognized.

9. The only duty of the queen ant is to lay eggs. The eggs are then cared for by workers who move them deep into the nest to protect them from the cold each night.

8. Some species (such as wandering ants) are nomadic - they live in the same place for only a short time, and then they pack up their food, eggs, larvae and queen and move on.

7. Ants can grow and cultivate fungus and transmit it not only within individual species, but also exchange it with other species that grow fungi.

6. While the sting of the bullet ant is considered the most painful, the sting of the black bulldog ant can even be fatal to humans. Fortunately, an antidote has been developed for it.

5. Ants may be the only creatures (other than mammals) that can learn through interactive learning. Experienced foragers have been recorded leading their "disciples" to newly discovered food. The student gained knowledge with the help of his leading mentor. The leader could even detect a student's learning progress and would slow down when the student fell behind.

4. The Antquarium, a special container for keeping ants as pets sold worldwide, was originally developed by NASA for the purpose of studying animals in space.