Beneficial insects - Scolia, Typhia, Betilidae

Scolia pilosa Hello, dear readers!

There are many different types of insects in nature. In one of the previous articles, I talked about some species of wasps - representatives of the suborder of stinging hymenoptera (Aculeata). Today my story is about other beneficial insects - other species of wasps of this large family. Scolia, Typhia, Betilidae are families of more primitive wasps of this suborder; they are parasites of various insects, controlling the number of many agricultural pests and pests living in the human home.

How to deal with the stink bug?

Crush a pack of cigarettes and add 1.5-2 liters of hot water, then add 100 ml of dish soap. Leave for a couple of hours, strain and spray in places where pests have appeared. Buying products to get rid of stink bugs is not so easy, since the range is not large.

Folk recipes. Treating surfaces with onion peel tincture (infuse 250 grams of onion peel for 24 hours in 5 liters of water) or mustard solution (dissolve 100 grams of mustard powder in 5 liters of water)

Taxonomy[edit | edit code]

Molecular genetic studies have shown the monophyly of the family Bethylidae (with the subfamily Bethylinae sister to all other subfamilies), the monophyly of the subfamily Pristocerinae, Mesitiinae species form a monophyletic cluster with Sclerodermini (sensu lato)[7][8][9].

The family includes 2,920 species and 96 genera in 8 subfamilies: Bethylinae, Pristocerinae, Epyrinae, Mesitiinae, Scleroderminae, †Lancepyrinae, †Holopsenellinae and †Protopristocerinae[3].

Bethylinae[edit | edit code]

• Bethylinae (11 genera, more than 530 species)[3] Bethylini Afrobethylus
  Ramos & Azevedo, 2016
• Bethylus
  Latreille, 1802 =
  Anoxus
  Thomson, 1862

Epyrinae[edit | edit code]

• Epyrinae (13 genera, more than 900 species)[3] Epyrini Anisepyris
  Kieffer, 1905 (about 250 species)[10][11] =
  Procalyoza
  Kieffer, 1905,
  Trichotepyris
  Kieffer, 1906,

Scleroderminae[edit | edit code]

• Scleroderminae (22 genera, more than 200 species)[3] Sclerodermiini, or a separate subfamily Scleroderminae[19] Allobethylus
  Kieffer, 1905 =
  Nesepyris
  Bridwell, 1920

Mesitiinae[edit | edit code]

• Mesitiinae (17 genera, more than 170 species)[3] Anaylax
  Móczár, 1970
• Australomesitius
  Barbosa & Azevedo, 2016
• Botoryan
  Argaman, 2003
• Bradepyris
  Kieffer, 1905 =
  Triglenus
  Marshall, 1905,
  Pseudomesitius
  Duchaussoy, 1916

Pristocerinae[edit | edit code]

• Pristocerinae (23 genera, more than 1000 species)[3] Pristocerini Acrenesia
  Alencar & Azevedo, 2018
• Afgoiogfa
  Argaman, 1988
• Anisobrachium
  Kieffer, 1905
• Apenesia
  Westwood, 1874 (120 species) =
  Neoapenesia
  Terayama, 1995

Fossil subfamilies[edit | edit code]

• †Elektroepyrinae Colombo et al., 2020[21] † Elektroepyris
  Perrichot & Nel, 2008[22]

• †Protopristocerinae Nagy, 1974 † Bethylitella
  Cockerell, 1917
• † Bethylopteron
  Brues, 1933
• † Protopristocera
  Brues, 1923
• † Ramageoptera
  Jouault & Brazidec, 2021[24]

What do marbled bugs eat?

The marbled bug has amazing adaptive qualities. Thirdly, the stink bug is not particularly picky about what it eats; the food is strictly vegetarian and very varied: fruits and berries, melons, citrus fruits, nuts, grains, legumes, subtropical, vegetables, ornamental trees and forest species.

The marbled bug, like all bedbugs, has a piercing-sucking mouthparts. With its proboscis, the insect makes a puncture and sucks juice from stems, leaves, inflorescences, buds, pods, fruits, berries and vegetables.

Scolia

Scoliidae - feed their offspring with the larvae of rhinoceros beetles, beetles and bronze beetles. They are purposefully used against pests, even specially propagated to reduce the number of pests.

Scolia giant

In 1915, Scolia oryctophaga was brought from Madagascar to the island of Mauritius to combat the rhinoceros beetle, which was severely damaging coconut palms. In 1961, Scolia (Compsomeris marginella) was brought from the Philippines to the Hawaiian Islands to combat beetleworm (Anomala orientalis). Adult insects prefer to feed on plants of the Asteraceae (Asteraceae) and Liliaceae families.

Scolia maculata is the largest hymenoptera living in the south of the European part of the former USSR and the Caucasus. Its habitat ranges from North Africa to Central Asia. The length of the female Scolia reaches 4.5-5.5 cm. These huge and scary-looking wasps use their sting only for hunting.

Scolia giant

A person can easily pick it up.

Females spend almost their entire lives in the soil and emerge only to mate and eat—adults feed on flower nectar.

In the soil, the giant Scolia preys on the larvae of large rhinoceros beetles (Oryctes nasicornis), and possibly on the larvae of other lamellar beetles, including the marbled beetle. The scolius beetle larva stings precisely in the abdominal nerve center, as a result of which the beetle larva is immobilized throughout the entire feeding period of the wasp larva. The female lays one egg on the beetle larva, and the wasp larva that emerges from the egg gradually eats the immobilized victim. The giant Scolia is listed in the Red Book of the Voronezh region and Ukraine.

Scolia pilosa

In the middle zone and to the south, the hairy scolia (Scolia hirta) lives - it is a black wasp with two yellow stripes on the abdomen and with brown-purple wings. This species is a natural enemy of golden and copper beetles (Cetonia, Potosia), which have multiplied greatly in some areas and actively eat garden flowers. Scolia hairy preys on the larvae of bronze beetles in the same way as giant Scolia. It lives from North Africa to the south of Western Siberia. The number of Scolia pilosa fell as a result of human plowing of fallow lands; it was listed in the Red Book of the USSR. Its numbers greatly depend on the number of beetles it hunts.

What does the brown marmorated bug eat?

What are they eating

The food preferences of the brown marmorated bug are quite extensive: from fruit crops - apple, pear, peach, grapes, figs, hazelnuts, from vegetables - tomato, pepper, cucumber, beans and corn; and from decorative and floral ones - rose, dope.

The marbled bug, which lives in the southern part of Russia, feeds variedly: it has apple trees, pears, grapes, hazelnuts, and some varieties of citrus fruits at its disposal. The pest's diet also includes representatives of vegetable crops - tomatoes, peppers, corn.

Typhia

Tiphia popillivora
Tiphia feed their offspring with the larvae of various beetles, including May and June beetles. From Japan and China in 1920-1936, two species of typhias (Tiphia vernalis and Tiphia popillivora) were brought to the eastern states of the United States to combat the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica), acclimatized and successfully cope with it.

Tiphia femorata are small black wasps with thin light stripes on the abdomen and brown wings.

Thiphia femorata

They are distributed from Europe to the Far East, preying on the larvae of the June beetle, bread beetle and others that live in sandy soils shallow underground. Typhia immobilizes the larva with an injection in the chest until she attaches one egg to the victim’s abdomen, from which the larva quickly emerges and attaches itself to the larva of the beetle.

Betilids

Bethylidae
The Bethylidae family are very small wasps, the females of which parasitize insects of various sizes, including very small ones. Goniozus (Goniozus) is on the caterpillar of the grape budworm, Perisierola is on the caterpillar of the cotton moth (“pink worm”), and epiris (Epyris extraneus) is on the larvae of darkling beetles – false wireworms, which are many times larger than them.

Betilids of the genus Scleroderma are very small, but they attack the larvae of beetles living in wood - longhorned beetles and other pests.

Scleroderma

First, the female paralyzes the muscles that move the larva's mandibles, and then all the others, often working for 4 days. Up to 150 eggs are laid on such large prey; the female takes care of the hatched larvae for 5 days, until the larvae begin to weave cocoons.

Betilids are very useful insects, since many of them rid various storage facilities and even human dwellings of skin beetles, woodworms and mealworms.

I only briefly talked about these beneficial insects, which are hardly known to a wide circle of readers, about the families of stinging Hymenoptera scolias, typhyids and betilids.

Notes[edit | edit code]

1. Biological encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial team: A. A. Baev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1986. - P. 59. - 831 p. — 100,000 copies.
2. Gokhman Vladimir E. (2000). Karyology of parasitic Hymenoptera: current state. // Hymenoptera: evolution, biodiversity and biological control
   (Andrew D. Austin, Mark Dowton). Csiro Publishing, 2000. - pp.1-468 (198-206).
3. ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Celso O. Azevedo, Isabel DCC Alencar, Magno S. Ramos, Diego N. Barbosa, Wesley D. Colombo, Juan M. Vargas R. & Jongok Lim.
   Global Guide of the Flat Wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) (English) // Zootaxa: Journal. - Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press, 2022. - Vol. 4489, no. 1. - P. 1—294. — ISBN 978-1-77670-483-5. — ISSN 1175-5326.
4. Annotated catalog of Hymenoptera insects in Russia. Volume I. Sessile-bellied (Symphyta) and stinging (Apocrita: Aculeata) = Annotated catalog of the Hymenoptera of Russia. Volume I. Symphyta and Apocrita: Aculeata / Belokobylsky S. A., Leley A. S. (ed.) and others - St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. - T. 321 (Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Appendix 6) . - P. 123. - 476 p. — 300 copies. — ISBN 978-5-98092-062-3.
5. Dany Azar, Celso O. Azevedo.
   A new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber and its phylogenetic position (English) // Zoologia (Curitiba). - 2012. - Vol. 29, iss. 3. - P. 210–218. — ISSN 1984-4670.
6. Michael S. Engel, Jaime Ortega-Blanco.
   Bethylidae from Early Cretaceous Spanish Amber (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) // Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. — 2013/07. - T. 86, issue. 3. - pp. 264–276. — ISSN 1937-2353 0022-8567, 1937-2353. - doi:10.2317/JKES130312.1.
7. Carr, M.; Young, J. P. W.; Mayhew, P. J. 2010.
8. Mamoru Terayama, “Phylogenetic Systematics of the Family Bethylidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) : Part I. Higher Classification,” Academic Reports, Tokyo, Fac. Eng. Tokyo Polytech. Univ., vol. 26, no 1, 2003, p. 1—15 (archive)
9. Mamoru Terayama, “Phylogenetic Systematics of the Family Bethylidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera): Part II. Keys to subfamilies, tribes and genera in the world", Academic Reports, Tokyo, Fac. Eng. Tokyo Polytech. Univ., vol. 26, no 1, 2003, p. 16—29 (archive)
10. Diego N. Barbosa. & Azevedo, Celso O. (2018). Revision of Anisepyris
    Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), with description of 135 new species. Zootaxa, 4416, 1-258.
11. Evans, H. E. (1966) A revision of the genus Anisepyris
    Kieffer (Hymenoptera. Bethylidae). Studia Entomologica, 9, 1-120.
12. ↑ 123
    Wesley D. Colomboa, Evgeny E. Perkovskybc, Cecilia Waichertad & Celso O. Azevedoa (2021). Synopsis of the fossil flat wasps Epyrinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae), with description of three new genera and 10 new species. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, Volume 19, Issue 1, Pages 39-89 https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1882593
13. Evans, H. E. (1969) A revision of the genus Epyris in the Americas (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 95, 181–352.
14. Evans, H. E. (1965) A revision of the genus Rhabdepyris
    in the Americas (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 133, 68-151.
15. Waichert, C. & Azevedo, CO (2009) Phylogenetic analysis of Rhabdepyris (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) and redefinition of generic limits based on structural characters. Zootaxa, 2284, 1-29.
16. Barbosa, DN & Azevedo, CO (2009) Laelius
    Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar, with description of two new species. Zootaxa, 2170, 1-14.
17. Barbosa, DN & Azevedo, CO (2011) Phylogeny and Reclassification of Laelius
    (Hymenoptera; Bethylidae) and description of four new species. Insect Systematics and Evolution, 42, 237–275. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631211X559777
18. Barbosa, DN & Azevedo, CO (2014) Revision of the Neotropical Laelius
    (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) with notes on some Nearctic species. Zoologia, 31, 285–311. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702014000300012
19. Lanes, G. O. & Azevedo, CO (2008) Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Sclerodermini (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae, Epyrinae). Insect Systematic and Evolution, 39, 55–86. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631208788784165
20. Celso O. Azevedo, Juan M. R. Vargas, Wesley D. Colombo. 2022. Synopsis of the world Discleroderma Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Zootaxa 4742(3):467–480. https://mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4742.3.3 https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4742.3.3
21. Wesley D. Colombo, Evgeny E. Perkovsky, Celso O. Azevedo.
    Phylogenetic overview of flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) reveals Elektroepyrinae, a new fossil subfamily (English) // Palaeoentomology. — 2020-06-30. - Vol. 3, iss. 3. - P. 269–283. — ISSN 2624-2834. - doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.3.8.
22. Perrichot, V. & Nel, A. (2008) Eocene bethylid wasps from French amber (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 248 (1), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0248-0091
23. ↑ 12
    Corentin Jouault, Vincent Perrichot, André Nel (2021). New flat wasps from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber deposits highlight the bethylid antiquity and paleobiogeography (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). Cretaceous Research. (online 5 February 2021), 104772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104772
24. Corentin Jouault, Manuel Brazidec.
    A new protopristocerine wasp (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (English) // Annales de Paléontologie. — 2021. — Vol. 107. - P. 102522. - ISSN 0753-3969. - doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2021.102522. October–December 2021

Enterobiasis in adults: symptoms and treatment

Against the backdrop of widespread interest in the problem of infection with worms and obsessive propaganda from manufacturers of food additives, modern people begin to listen to their body - what if they really have worms? Does everyone remember the strange procedure from childhood when they took scrapings from the butt? In this way, it was determined whether the child was infected with enterobiasis, the most common helminthiasis among people. Now let’s look at what symptoms of enterobiasis exist in adults and whether “the devil is as terrible as he is painted.”

We suggest you read: How to get rid of wasps in an inaccessible place

In medicine, enterobiasis is a disease that occurs as a result of human infection with pinworm worms. Pinworms are parasitic worms that live exclusively in the human intestine. Both children and adults who are negligent about personal hygiene are susceptible to infection. As a result of the invasion, digestive disorders, allergic reactions, anal itching, and malfunction of the nervous system appear.

These small, no more than one and a half centimeters, helminths enter the host’s body through the mouth, while still in the egg.

1. In the stomach, the shells of the eggs are destroyed by acids and release the larva, which moves further along the digestive tract.
2. Having settled in the lower part of the small intestine, pinworms mate, after which the males die, and the females adhere to the intestinal walls and feed intensively while eggs develop in their uterus.
3. At a certain point, the pressure of the uterus encourages the pinworm to break away from the intestinal wall, go to its lower sections and further out to lay eggs.
4. In warm and relatively humid conditions of the anal folds, pinworms lay several hundred eggs and die.
5. The eggs take 4–6 hours to form larvae, after which they become invasive.

Pinworm eggs are found anywhere, waiting for their host. The number of infected people around the world is so large that enterobiasis is recognized as the most common helminthiasis on the planet. The conditions for the ripening of eggs are provided by the natural temperature of the human body, which is why pinworms are found everywhere.

Literature[edit | edit code]

• Gorbatovsky V.V. 1995. Sem.
  Bethylidae - Betilidae // Key to insects of the Russian Far East. T. IV. Reticuloptera, Scorpioptera, Hymenoptera. Part 1 / under general ed. P. A. Lera. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1995. - pp. 179-190. — 606 p. — 3150 copies. — ISBN 5-02-025944-6.
• Gorbatovsky V.V. 1998. Sem.
  Bethylidae - Betilidae // Key to insects of the Russian Far East. T. IV. Reticuloptera, Scorpioptera, Hymenoptera. Part 3 / under general. ed. P. A. Lera. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1998. - P. 680-682. — 708 p. — 500 copies. — ISBN 5-7442-0898-4.
• Tryapitsyn V. A. 1978. Sem.
  Bethylidae - Betilids // Key to insects of the European part of the USSR. T. III. Hymenoptera. Second part // Suborder Apocrita - Stalk-bellied (Alekseev V.N. and others) / under the general. ed. G. S. Medvedeva. - L.: Nauka, 1978. - P. 6–16. — 757 p. — (Key guides to the fauna of the USSR, published by the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences; issue 120). — 3150 copies.
• Azevedo CO, Alencar I., Ramos MS, Diego N. Barbosa, Wesley D. Colombo, Juan M. Vargas R. & Jongok Lim.
  Global Guide of the Flat Wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) (English) // Zootaxa: Journal. - Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press, 2022. - Vol. 4489, no. 1. - P. 1—294. — ISBN 978-1-77670-483-5. — ISSN 1175-5326.
• Carr, M.; Young, J. P. W.; Mayhew, PJ 2010. Phylogeny of bethylid wasps (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) inferred from 28S and 16S rRNA genes.
  Insect systematics & evolution, 41: 55-73. ISSN: 1399-560X, Online ISSN: 1876-312X doi: 10.1163/187631210X486995
• Evans HE
  A Synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) (English) // Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology: Journal. - 1964. - Vol. 132. - P. 1—222.
• Evans HE 1978.
  The Bethylidae of America North of Mexico (English) // Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute: Journal. - Vol. 27. - P. 1—332 (159 figuras).
• Gordh G., Moczar L.
  A catalog of the world Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) (English) // Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute: Journal. - 1990. - Vol. 46. ​​- P. 1—364.
• Kieffer JJ Bethylidae
  // Das Tierreich. Berlin: R. Fridlandar u. Sohn, 1914, Lief. 41.595 S.
• Polaszek A., Krombein KV
  The genera of Bethylinae of the world (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) (English) // J. Hym. Research: Journal. - 1994. - Vol. 3. - P. 91-105.
• Richards OW
  The British Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) (English) // Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London: Journal. - 1939. - Vol. 89(8). — P. 185—344 (111 figures).