Pests of cereal crops and protection against them

What is the name of the insect that pests cereals?

This insect is called the bread beetle (Ansisoplia austriaca)

Otherwise it is called “grain kuzka” or “sowing kuzka”.

A beetle of the lamellar beetle family, a dangerous pest of cereals.

It is with this insect that the saying “show the motherfucker” is associated, since their larvae are small and hide in the ground (feeding on roots and humus, and after two winterings, adult beetles emerge at the end of June).

Khrushchev, being a fan of using folk sayings, used this expression to the Americans, thereby expressing his readiness to fend off a possible attack.

At the same time, he announced a 50 megaton hydrogen bomb created in the USSR (the most powerful bomb in history that was tested), the actual power of the bomb was 100 megatons, the power was simply underestimated during testing.

This is how the hydrogen bomb became associated with the bread bug :)

Many insect pests are adapted to feed on cereal crops. Some of them are polyphagous, while others feed exclusively on grains.

In total, more than 300 species of insects feed on cereal crops. Some of them pose a particular problem for agriculture, since they cause the greatest damage to crops.

Swedish fly

The body length of an adult Swedish fly is from 1.5 to 3 mm; during the year it undergoes from 2 to 5 reproductive cycles. The larvae live inside the trunks or spikelets of the plant.

They damage the main and lateral stems of cereals, as well as leaves and grains. Plants affected by the Swedish fly die or are stunted, which can lead to the loss of half the harvest.

• treating seeds with protective drugs before sowing;
• application of nitrogen fertilizers;
• spraying crops with insecticides during the mass emergence of the Swedish fly and egg laying;
• stubble peeling, deep fall plowing.

Bacterial diseases

Single-celled rods, 1 to 3 mm long, can cause bacterial diseases in wheat. They are distributed in various ways:

• insects;
• splashes of rain;
• air currents.

In humid climates, through mechanical damage, these pathogens, together with life-giving moisture, penetrate plant tissue, are transported through their vascular system and multiply in intracellular spaces. At the same time, they release toxins and various enzymes, which cause tissue necrosis. Although these processes do not cause noticeable yield losses, they deteriorate the commercial quality of wheat. We will consider common pathologies separately.

Bacteriosis stripe (black film)

The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris causes black film on the glumes, and striping on the leaves and their sheaths. As the disease progresses, it manifests itself with the following symptoms:

• narrow watery (weeping) spots or stripes;
• droplets of raised, yellow and sticky exudates (formed during periods of prolonged rain or dew);
• translucent films on the surface of the affected tissue, which remain after exudation, can collapse and acquire a scaly structure;
• damage to the ear, which becomes sterile (occurs when infected in the early phase of plant development);
• death of leaves and ears (observed with severe infection).

Basal bacteriosis

The disease is caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. It covers all parts of wheat - leaves, stems, glumes and even grains. This bacteriosis develops gradually:

1. Small dark green or watery (weeping) spots form at the base of the spikelet scales.
2. The formations spread over the entire surface of the scales and become dark brown, almost black.
3. Diseased scales become translucent, but later acquire a dark brown or almost black color.
4. The stems of the ears are affected and dark spots appear on them. The same thing happens with grain.
5. In humid weather conditions, bacterial mucus of a whitish-gray hue also appears on diseased tissues. Affected stems become dark in color and small watery spots appear on the leaves.

Bacteriosis yellow (slimy)

The pathogens are Rathayibacter tritici and Clavibacter iranicus. Their spread is often facilitated by the nematode A. tritici. The disease is more common in the Asian subcontinent. It is characterized by the following development:

1. A yellow exudate forms on the spikelets, which leaves behind bacterial burns.
2. Gradually the exudate dries, acquiring a white tint.
3. The spike from the axils of the upper leaves often emerges curved and filled with a sticky mass.
4. The upper leaves become deformed or curled.

Hessian fly

A two-winged insect belonging to the gall midge family. The body shape resembles a mosquito, length is about 2 mm.

The Hessian fly is one of the main pests of rye and wheat; it also affects barley and other cereal grasses. Yellowish-white larvae, up to 1.5 mm long, feed on the juices of young stems and leaves. Plants affected by the fly dry out and produce less yield; often damaged cereals die completely.

Methods of pest control:

• carrying out autumn plowing 3 weeks after harvesting and peeling the soil;
• choosing the optimal time for sowing winter crops;
• cultivation of durum wheat varieties, which are less susceptible to pest damage;
• use of phosphorus fertilizers.

Diseases and pests affecting winter and spring wheat

Winter wheat takes 3 times longer to ripen than spring wheat. Winter productivity depends on the application of mineral fertilizers and the nutritional composition of the soil. Its root system is more sensitive, so winter varieties are more often susceptible to root rot, rust and fusarium. In areas with winter varieties, wireworms are often found; they feed on roots and suck out nutrients.

Spring wheat has a powerful root system, but such wheat is more sensitive to sudden changes in weather. As a result, fungi and bacteria develop, and the plantings become infected with black spot, septoria, and powdery mildew. Thrips, Hessian flies and bread ground beetles appear in the beds.

Wheat thrips

The thrips larva develops in the ear and overwinters under the snow. In the spring, it turns into an adult, which lays new eggs during the formation of ears of wheat.

Wheat thrips sucks the juices from the ear and damages it. Insect activity leads to stunted grains and a decrease in their number.

Pest control methods:

• immediately after harvesting, stubble peeling and deep plowing of the soil;
• compliance with crop rotation;
• use of phosphorus fertilizers;
• use of chemicals.

Classification of diseases

There are more than 200 diseases that destroy cereal crops partially or completely. To cope with the disease, it is necessary to determine its characteristics and origin at an early stage of infection.

All diseases are divided into the following groups:

1. Fungal diseases arise from the appearance of fungi in the fields, which quickly spread throughout the plants and live off the nutrients in the wheat. Fungal diseases include dusty, stem and dwarf smut, rust, and powdery mildew.
2. Bacterial ones appear due to bacteria that can destroy the entire plant or a separate part of it. Bacterial diseases manifest themselves on the root system, in the vessels of wheat, or are of a mixed nature. They actively develop during periods of heat and high humidity. Common representatives are basal, black and mucous bacteriosis.
3. Viral diseases appear at any stage of wheat growth. Viruses overwinter in plant debris, soil, and on insects. They are transmitted through the contact of healthy wheat with diseased wheat, through wind and seeds. A common example of a viral disease is mosaic.
4. Diseases caused by insect pests . We are talking about oat and wheat nematodes. A nematode is a round small worm, the appearance of which leads to a malnutrition of wheat and the occurrence of diseases.

bread beetle

It is adult grain beetles that cause the greatest damage to crops. They destroy crops like

spring and winter grains, eating young soft grains and knocking hard ones out of the spikelets. The larvae damage the roots of spring grain, sunflower and corn, as well as sugar beets.

1. peeling the soil after harvesting;
2. deep plowing of the land before sowing;
3. harvesting wheat in the waxy ripeness phase;
4. use of insecticides.

Bread fleas

Striped

These pests from the family of leaf beetles are ubiquitous. The adult is a black bug, about 2 mm long, the larva is white, oblong, about 3 mm long.

The striped flea beetle causes significant damage to almost all grain crops, especially spring barley and wheat.

• spraying seeds with insecticides before sowing;
• early sowing of spring crops;
• spraying fields with chemicals.

Stem

The larvae are oblong, white, up to 5 mm long; adults are dark bronze beetles up to 2.5 mm long.

The greatest damage is caused by larvae that feed on the stems of cereal crops, causing plant death. They cause the greatest damage to crops of spring barley and wheat ; less often they affect winter wheat and oats.

Methods to combat stem flea beetle:

• early sowing of spring crops;
• the use of fertilizers that accelerate plant growth;
• spraying crops with insecticides;
• stubble peeling, deep plowing of the soil immediately after harvesting.

Causes of mass reproduction of pests

Just a few centuries ago, wheatgrass was the main source of food for bread beetles. The development of agriculture encouraged insects to switch to a more tasty food source - cereal crops. This greatly influenced the improvement of their living conditions. In addition, non-compliance with crop rotation and insufficient cultivation of fields only benefit the development of the population.

Favorable meteorological conditions also contribute to an increase in the number of bread beetles:

• warm winters do not contribute to the destruction of wintering individuals;
• the abundance of precipitation during the period of embryonic development and hatching larvae has a beneficial effect on the development of insects.

Bread bug

Breadbugs are a group of insects from the stink bug family. They damage feed and

cereals: winter and spring wheat, as well as rye and barley. As a result of the pest's activity, the seedlings turn yellow and dry out, the grain loses its nutritional qualities and ability to germinate.

Basic methods of struggle:

• creating favorable conditions for the reproduction of egg-eating parasites (Microphanurus, Telenomus);
• application of insecticides;
• harvesting in the phase of waxy ripeness, followed by rapid collection of dried windrows.

Cereal leaf roller

An adult is a butterfly up to 2 cm long, light gray in color. Caterpillars that feed on plant leaves go through six stages in their development, reaching a length of 1-1.2 cm.

The larva of the cereal leaf roller twists the plant leaf in a spiral and feeds inside the resulting tube, and at a later stage of development it enters the ear and damages it. In areas of mass reproduction of the leaf roller, grain shortages that arise as a result of crop damage by this pest can reach 15 centners per hectare.

1. compliance with crop rotation rules;
2. chemical methods: spraying with insecticides the edge strip of crops 100-150 meters wide.

Cereal aphids

Ordinary

The common cereal aphid is a herbivorous sucking insect . Feeding on plant juices, it damages the leaves, which as a result turn yellow and dry out. The growth of crops slows down, yields drop, and cereals affected by aphids often die completely.

The main methods of control include:

• stubble peeling, deep plowing of fields in autumn;
• use of potash and phosphorus fertilizers;
• early sowing of spring grains;
• treating fields with insecticides.

Big

This pest lives on all cereal crops, inhabiting stems, leaves and ears. The body is about 2.5-3 mm long, green with a reddish tint. It reproduces quickly: under favorable conditions, 10-12 new generations of aphids can appear in one summer.

The most common diseases

Grain crops are susceptible to diseases as often as garden and indoor plants. To quickly cure wheat, it is recommended to know the main diseases, their characteristics and control methods.

Root rot

This fungal disease affects seedlings in spring, and the root collar in summer and autumn. Brown spots and stripes of varying lengths without a border appear on wheat.

Favorable conditions for the development of root rot: dry summers, prolonged rainfall, sudden weather changes.

The infection is found in the soil, plant debris, weeds and untreated seeds. Often, root rot appears at an early stage of wheat growth, which entails a 60% reduction in yield.

Powdery mildew

White and light brown spots with a black dot inside appear on wheat. The fungus infects nearby plants within 3-5 days, and soon the wheat withers and dries out.

Powdery mildew develops from the period of germination to ripening and affects any variety. The fungus quickly penetrates wheat during periods of high humidity.

To avoid the appearance of powdery mildew, it is recommended to follow the rules of crop rotation and apply organic and mineral fertilizers on time. For treatment, the fungicide “Credo” is used.

Rust

There are several types of rust. Yellow appears as small yellow-orange spots on leaves and stems. Favorable time for its development is cool spring and summer.

Stem, or linear, rust affects the plant completely, it becomes covered with brown ulcers, the stem cracks in different places, becomes soft and weak. The fungus spreads by wind and water. Capable of destroying an entire crop.

Brown and leaf rust is found throughout Russia. Thousands of small, voluminous brown spots appear on the upper side of the leaf.

Reference. To protect against any type of rust, it is recommended to choose resistant varieties for planting and follow agrotechnical rules.

Fusarium

Fusarium affects the roots, stem and ear. A light pink coating and small dark spots are visible on the scales. The grains become puny and wrinkled, lose their firmness and elasticity.

Infection occurs through plant debris or through neighboring grain crops, such as corn. Fusarium actively develops during the flowering period, so farmers recommend carefully inspecting the plantings for symptoms of the disease. They get rid of fusarium with the help of Kolosal.

Pyrenophorosis

Pyrenophorosis, or yellow spot, is characteristic of the southern regions. Small spots of yellow and beige color appear on the leaves and stem. In the center they are light, the border is chlorotic. A week after the spots appear, the spots merge into one large pattern and the leaves dry out. If it rains, a thin light coating appears on the surface of the leaf blade.

The cause of infection of grain crops is plant residues. Yellow spot is treated with Tertia.

Ergot

The fungal disease appears as dark purple or black “horns” on wheat. The development of the fungus is promoted by long and rainy summers and an extended flowering period. Ergot spreads especially actively to plants that are planted near the road.

The source of infection is a fungus on the surface of the seeds and in the soil. For prevention, it is recommended to harvest the crop in a timely manner and carry out early plowing of the field.

Septoria

Septoria is common in regions with high humidity and prolonged rainfall. Brown marks appear on the leaves, the ear scales become covered with plaque and dry out, the stems bend and turn black.

The fungus overwinters in grass and weeds. To prevent the appearance of septoria, regularly fertilize the soil and observe the timing of planting grains.

Mob of ears

The blackness of the ear appears at the height of summer. The ear becomes covered with black dots or a dark coating; signs of the disease are easy to see with the naked eye.

The fungus is widespread everywhere, regardless of the region of cultivation.

Fungicides are used for treatment: “Rakurs”, “Talent”, “Spirit”. For preventive purposes, the crop is harvested in a timely manner and in a short time.

Pythium root rot

Fungal disease develops during periods of low temperatures and rainy weather. Pythium root rot is dangerous for wheat at an early stage of growth and development. Brown stripes and ulcers appear on the root system, and root hairs disappear. Seedlings grow crookedly or do not appear at all, wheat lags behind in growth.

Causes of infection: lack of nutrients in the soil, cold and long winter, contaminated seed.

Attention! Root rot actively develops if wheat is sown in acidic soil low in phosphorus and organic matter. Cement dust and slaked lime help reduce soil acidity. Before planting, the soil is fertilized with phosphorus-containing fertilizers: “Superphosphate”, “Ammophos”, phosphate rock or bone meal.

Opomiza wheat

The front sight is rusty-yellow, up to 4 mm long.
The eggs overwinter in the soil; with the onset of spring, larvae hatch from them and gnaw into the stems of cereal crops, making tunnels in them. Causes damage to winter wheat, rye and barley. In plants affected by opomiza, the leaves first dry out, and then the stems.

• treating seeds with insecticides;
• choosing the optimal time for sowing.

Fighting methods

To effectively combat diseases and pests, professional preparations are used.

Farmers recommend:

1. Fungicides “Zantara”, “Prozaro”, “Soligor”, “Falcon”, “Input”. The drugs strengthen the immunity of wheat and treat fungal and viral diseases.
2. Insecticides “Decis Expert”, “Confidor Extra”, “Proteus” protect against pests and prevent the appearance of rodents in wheat fields.
3. Herbicides “Ballerina”, “Gorgon”, “Deimos”, “Demeter” help preserve nutrients in the soil and protect against weeds.

wheat fly

A ubiquitous pest. The body length of an adult is up to 5 mm, the color is black, the larvae are white, up to 8 mm long.

The larvae bite into the stem, making a spiral move in the direction of the ear. Sprouts of spring crops affected by the pest before tillering usually die completely.

Methods of combating wheat fly:

• treating seeds of winter crops with insecticides;
• peeling the stubble immediately after harvesting and subsequent deep plowing of the soil;
• spraying the edge strips of crops with insecticides.

Millet mosquito

The last instar larva has a black-orange color; the adult has a dark body with a bright

belly If the weather is favorable, three or four generations of this pest may appear during the spring-summer period. The first generation millet mosquitoes lay eggs on weeds in the spring, and larvae develop in them.

Several subsequent generations appear during the summer and colonize the millet during its flowering. This leads to damage to the plant grains (empty grains).

• killing weeds using herbicides;
• treatment of mosquito breeding sites with insecticides.

Elia nosy

It has a yellowish body about 1 cm long, with a pattern of white and black longitudinal stripes on its back. The larvae are up to 7.5 mm long, covered with dark stripes. One generation manages to develop in a year.

Elia causes significant damage to crops of rye, wheat, barley, and oats. The larvae first feed on the juices of young stems and leaves, then on ripening grain. Adults also feed on cereals. The former reduce the quality of the crop, the latter - its quantity.

1. use of fall plowing;
2. destruction of larvae and adults with insecticides;
3. early harvest.

The most common pest of carrots is the carrot fly. Read the article on how to fight this insect.

Delphacids are small jumping insects, popularly called pigs. You will find out what these pests feed on at https://stopvreditel.ru/rastenij/selxoz/delfacidy.html link.

Pointy-headed bug

Adults have an ovoid body shape, up to 1 cm in length. Insects overwinter under the snow and lay eggs in the spring. Larvae emerge from them, turning into

adults.

The larvae infest wheat, barley and other grain crops. Adults also feed on cereals. The activity of the pest leads to a decrease in the quality and quantity of the crop.

Fighting the sharp-headed bug:

• peeling stubble and plowing fields after harvesting;
• use of insecticides.

News

Grain crops are the most important group of cultivated plants in human economic activity, providing grain for the production of human food, raw materials for the production of alcohol, starch, medicinal purposes, cereals, pasta, and feed for farm animals. Grain crops include such types as: wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, corn, sorghum, millet and others. Based on the type of development and duration of the growing season, grain crops are divided into winter and spring crops. Cereal grain contains a large amount of nutritional elements, which determines its high nutritional value for humans and for the feed use of grain.

To obtain high volumes of harvest and its high quality, it is necessary to carry out protective measures against harmful objects. Without these measures, crop losses from pests can reach up to 14%.

Bread ground beetle.

It is widespread throughout Russia (Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region, Volga regions, etc.). Damages plants from the germination phase to the tillering phase, damaging leaves and stems.

The emergence of beetles is observed from mid-May to the end of June, depending on the climate and habitat. The first appearance of young beetles is observed before the ripening of grain crops. In this case, the beetles feed on grains of wild cereals. The mass emergence of beetles coincides with the stage of milky and waxy ripeness of winter wheat.

Mass hatching of larvae is observed from early September to early October, depending on the climate of the habitat area. The larvae feed on winter crop seedlings, and feeding can continue under snow cover.

The beetles feed on cereal seeds of milky and waxy ripeness. In one day, one beetle can destroy on average about 33 mg of grain, and in 10 days - 25 grains. The larvae feed on plant leaves. Having destroyed the plants in one area, they move on to others. In places where larvae accumulate, plants die. The formation of spots in the form of bald spots is observed on crops.

Winter armyworm.

Distributed in the North Caucasus, in the non-chernozem zone, in the Northern Volga region, etc. The beginning of the flight of butterflies of the first summer generation is observed in May - June, in the southern regions of the range - from the end of April. Mass flight begins at an air temperature of +16–17°C and lasts up to 20 days. During the day, butterflies hide under plant leaves adjacent to the ground, piles of straw, dried piles of weeds, and under lumps of soil. Butterflies feed in the evening, finishing feeding by 9–10 pm.

Red-breasted bird.

The species is widespread throughout the Russian Federation, except the Far North.

The spring awakening of adults is observed in late April - early May. The beetles emerge from the soil and spread across the fields in search of suitable food plants. The beetles gnaw right through the leaves, making small oblong holes in them. The larva feeds on the pulp of the leaf, eating it out in longitudinal stripes without touching the skin on the opposite side. Having finished feeding, it sheds its mucous membrane and goes into the soil to a depth of 2–3 cm. Here the larva makes an earthen cradle and pupates. Red-breasted beetleweed causes damage from the phase of 1-3 true leaves to the tillering phase.

The bug is a harmful turtle.

Distributed in the Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Volga, and partly in the Ural and West Siberian regions.

In spring, bugs emerge from winter diapause when the litter warms up to + 12°C – + 14°C. At a litter temperature of + 16 °C – + 17 °C they appear on its surface. Mass migration to wheat crops is observed at daytime temperatures not lower than +18°C – +19°C. In its development, the larva passes through 5 instars. In the first and second instars, the growth and development of larvae are highly dependent on weather conditions. A decrease in temperature and humidity, heavy rainfall causes mass death of harmful turtle larvae. The larvae begin feeding from the second instar.

Cereal aphid.

Distributed in the Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Volga regions, in the south of Siberia and the Far East.

In spring, with the onset of an average daily temperature of +8°C - + 10°C, larvae emerge from the eggs. Warm weather without heavy rains is most favorable for the development of aphids. Under such conditions, the pest reproduces in large numbers, especially in the southern regions of its range. The greatest harm occurs with a lack of moisture. During the growing season, the common cereal aphid can produce up to 30 generations.

Aphids form colonies and suck sap from above-ground plant organs. They damage barley, oats, wheat, sorghum, millet, rice, rye, and corn. Lives on leaves, stems and leaf sheaths.

Severe infection of young plants during the booting period can cause serious harm and lead to plant death. Damaged plants reduce grain quality. Wheat exhibits stunting, while oats and barley exhibit filminess. Due to the formation of empty spikelets, the yield decreases. Damage increases greatly with low humidity.

Wheat thrips:

Distributed in the Central, Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Volga, Ural and West Siberian regions.

Thrips feed on winter and spring forms of wheat, rye, and some types of cereal perennial grasses. They feed on plant sap and cause white-headed and stunted grain.

The mass appearance of adult thrips coincides with the beginning of heading of spring and winter wheat. On plants, adult insects concentrate in the area of ​​the penultimate leaf or penetrate under it. This helps to suck out the juices from the most tender part of the spikelet wrapper.

High summer temperatures and low precipitation contribute to the active development of pests. In dry years, thrips are especially numerous. The maximum number of larvae occurs during the period of grain formation. By the period of wax ripeness, the second instar larvae leave the ears. By the time of harvesting, the bulk of the larvae are located in the root part of the stubble and on the soil surface.

They awaken in the spring when the soil warms up to a temperature of + 8 °C. The larvae move to the soil surface and penetrate plant debris. Wheat thrips mainly damages winter and spring wheat and some cereal perennial grasses. It is found on winter rye, barley, oats, corn, wild cereals, buckwheat, cotton, tobacco and many wild herbaceous plants.

Bread sawfly.

Distributed in the European part of Russia to the Leningrad and Yaroslavl regions in the north. The pest's range covers the Caucasus and Siberia.

Plants infected with the sawfly form a puny ear, and the stems gnawed by the larva break, which leads to a decrease in yield.

Adults appear in the second half of May - June. Sawflies are diurnal insects and prefer sunny weather.

The larva feeds on the inside of the stem, moving from top to bottom towards the root part. Forage plants include: barley, oats, seeded and wild-growing cereal grasses, brome grass, timothy grass, hedgehog grass, wild oats, mainly winter varieties of wheat and rye.

The larvae are harmful. The upper internode and ear become whitish in color. At the site of the ring-shaped cut, damaged stems break and lie down before harvesting. At the same time, there is a deterioration in the feeding qualities of straw.

Hessian fly.

Distributed throughout the European part of the Russian Federation, except for the Far North. The species' range includes the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Siberia, Central Asia, Eurasia, North Africa, North America and New Zealand.

In spring, the flight of flies begins when the air warms up to + 10°C + 12°C. However, this temperature borders on the minimum development temperature, and under such conditions the flies die after 2–3 days without laying eggs. At +14 °C flies are more active. The larva does not destroy tissues and feeds only on plant sap. The larvae overwinter on seedlings of winter grain crops, stubble, seedlings of carrion, and wild cereals (usually wheatgrass).

The Hessian fly damages spring and winter grains, preferring wheat. The larvae are harmful. When feeding in the growth zone of young shoots, the main shoot weakens and dies. In this case, developed leaves often look healthy and die off much later. When the stem is developed, the pest larvae migrate under the leaf sheath and damage the stem in the area of ​​the node. This area is stunted and breaks off.

The stem dies or is stunted and does not form an ear.

Bread striped flea.

The striped grain flea is widespread in the European part of the Russian Federation, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, and Siberia. In spring they wake up early and at a temperature of + 8°C – + 10°C they fly to the fields.

Initially they colonize winter crops and wild cereals. Then they fly to the seedlings of spring grain crops. These are mainly wheat, barley and corn, less often oats. The larva hatches and develops in the soil. They gnaw small roots, but do not cause much harm to plants.

The striped bread flea is a dangerous pest of spring cereals and barley. It does little damage to corn and oats. The pest's food plants include wheat, barley, rye, millet, corn and other grains. Rarely harms sugar beets and cruciferous crops.

Adult beetles cause damage, especially in the spring. The beetles scrape the pulp from the upper side of the leaf. The damaged areas look like narrow oblong stripes and spots scattered throughout the leaf blade. At seedlings, adults gnaw first on the tops of the leaves, and then on the entire blade. With significant damage, crops become yellowish-gray in color.

All of the pests listed above cause enormous damage to cultivated plants, and without proper protection it is impossible to obtain a good harvest. The most effective method of control is chemical. The list of drugs for pest control of grain crops is presented in the table.

Beetle development cycle [edit | edit code]

The beetle has a two-year development cycle. [2]

The larvae feed on plant roots and humus. After two overwinterings, the larvae pupate. This happens at the end of May. And at the end of June, adult beetles emerge from the soil. [2]

As adults, beetles feed on grain crops (rye, wheat, barley), eating still immature, unhardened grains. Beetles first colonize winter crops and then spring crops. [2]

Female beetles lay eggs 10-12 days after emergence. One clutch contains up to 50 eggs. After 3 weeks, larvae emerge from them. [2]

Bread beetle ( Anisoplia austriaca)

), beetle fam.
lamellar (see), terrible. enemy of southern bread Russia; dl. 12-13 millimeters; elytra yellow-red. with black 4-gon. spot; the head, dorsal shield and legs are dark green. from bronze ebb, the belly and chest below are covered with greyish. fluff. The food of the X. beetle is pollen dust, ovary and still soft grain of bread. In the south In Russia, masses of X. beetles appear during the flowering of springs. wheat. The method of control is plowing to destroy the larvae. In the south Russia is also attacked by the crusader beetle ( A. crucifera
), close to the kuzka, distinguished.
smaller size and black. cross on yellow-red. wings ( Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
)